"Preparatory Department-English, Latin and Greek Grammars, Wair's Latin Syntax, Caesar's Commentaries, Virgills Eclogues, Bucolies and Aeneid, Cicero's Orations, Collectanea Graeca Minora, Modern Geography and Arithmetic.
"Freshman Class, First Session-Roman Antiquities commenced, Sallust, Graeca Majora, Cyropedia and Anabasis, Algebra and English Composition.
"Freshman Class, Second Session-Neilson's Greek Exercises, Roman Antiquities finished, Virgil's Georgics, Horace's Odes, Graeca Majora-Theophrastus, Polycenus, Herodotus, Geometry and English Composition.
[Page 158]
"Sophomore Class, First Session-Grecian Antiquities commenced, Horace finished, Graeca Majora continued, Plain Trigonometry, Mensuration of Heights and Distances, Surveying, Navigation, Application of Algebra to Geometry and Conic Sections, English Composition.
"Sophomore Class, Second Session-Cicero de officus-de-Senectuta-de Anucitia, Spherical Trigonometry, Projections, Dialling, Leveling, Nautical Astronomy, First Volume of Graeca Majora finished, Second begun, Antiquities finished, English Composition.
"Junior Class, First Session-Graeca Majora continued, Cicero de Oratore, Rhetoric, Natural Philosophy, English Composition.
"Junior Class, Second Session-Graeca Majora continued, Cicero de Oratore finished, Astronomy and Chemistry, English Composition, Ancient and Modern History."
The Crowe manuscript further states that, "The Board at their meeting September 24, 1832, having resolved to give the Academy the grade of a College, passed the following resolution: "Resolved, that the course of study adopted by this Board Nov. 25, 1830, for Hanover Academy be rescinded, and in lieu thereof the Course of Miami University be adopted verbatim." This frankly appropriated course of study is published in the "Statement of the Course of Instruction," in the first annual catalogue, issued January, 1833. It is reprinted in full:
"Preparatory Studies-Aeneid and Bucolies of Virgil, Cicero's Orations, Caesar's Commentaries, 4 books; Jacobs' Greek Reader, Colburn's Arithmetic and Algebra, Gould's Adams' Latin and Buttman's Greek Grammar, English Grammar, and Geography.
[Page 159]
"Freshman Studies, First Session-Geometry, and the Application of Algebra to Geometry, Roman Antiquities, Sallust, and Graeca Majora, (Historians).
"Freshman Studies, Second Session-Application of Algebra to Geometry, continued, Roman Antiquities, continued, Horace, (Odes and Satires), Graeca Majora, (Heroic Poets)), or Homer's Illiad, Plane Trigonometry, Mensuration, Surveying, and Navigation.
"Sophomore Studies, First Session-Geometry of Planes and Solids, and Spherical Trigonometry, Grecian Antiquities, Cicero de Officus, and Livy, Greeca Majora, (Orators).
"Sophomore Studies, Second Session-Topography, Trigonometrical Surveying and Leveling, Grecian Antiquities continued, Horace, (Epistles and Art of Poetry), Georgics of Virgil, Graeca Majora, (Bucolic Poetry).
"Junior Studies, First Session-Conic Sections and Fluxions, (on the principles of La Grange), History, Rhetoric, (by Blair), Cicero de Oratore, Graeca Majora, (Philosophers and Critics).
"Junior Studies, Second Session-Astronomy, Chemistry, (by Mitchell), History, Tacitus, Graeca Majora, (Tragic Poetry).
"Senior Studies, First Session-Natural Philosophy, Review of Mathematics, Belles Lettres, Political Economy, Graeca Majora, (Lyric Poetry).
"Senior Studies, Second Session-Moral Philosophy, (by Beattie), Mental Philosophy, (by Hedge's edition of Brown), Review of Astronomy, Logic, Hebrew, or French, at the option of the student.
"During the whole course there are weekly exercises in reading, speaking and composition."
The absence of any reference to the time allotment of the subjects, and to the quantity or quality of work exacted, attracts the attention of the modern day stu- [Page 160] dent, and is puzzling to the official who endeavors to evaluate the course of study of these early years in terms of the present day nomenclature. In 1832 students worked "by the job," not by the hour. The "job" was the mastery of the contents of the text book. The quality of studentship required was exceedingly variable.
In 1836 the curriculum of 1832 was modified by the transfer of Mental Philosophy from the Senior year to the Junior, and the addition of Evidences of Christianity, Mineralogy and Botany to the Junior program, and Jurisprudence to the Senior year. The following year Mineralogy and Botany were omitted and Geology introduced in the Senior program. President MacMaster's genius for reorganization was felt by the curriculum. Many significant changes were made in the content and sequence of subjects, and the three-term system adopted. These developments are best shown by reproducing the curriculum in effect in 1842-43, the year prior to the Madison University episode:
Preparatory Department.
Geography............................Smith
English Grammar......................Butler and Bliss
Arithmetic...........................Davies
Latin Grammar........................Andrews and Stoddard
Latin Lessons........................Andrews
Latin Reader.........................Andrews
Latin Exercises......................Andrews
Coesar's Commentaries................Anthon
Cicero's Select Orations Virgil......Anthon
Greek Grammar........................Socrates
Greek Reader.........................Anthon
Greek Exercises......................Sophocles
[Page 161]
Algebra..............................Harney
Rhetoric.............................Newman
FRESHMAN CLASS
First Session.
Greek Testament (Matthew).
Xenophon's Anabasis..................Cleveland
Sallust..............................Andrews
Classical Manual.....................Fiske
Plane Geometry.......................Davies
Second Session.
Greek Testament (Mark).
Herodotus.
Livy.................................Folsom
Classical Manual.....................Fiske
Solid Geometry.......................Davies' Legendre
Third Session.
Greek Testament (Luke).
Herodotus.
Livy.................................Folsom
Classical Manual.....................Fiske
Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.....Davies
SOPHOMORE CLASS
First Session.
Greek Testament (John).
Homer's Iliad........................Felton
Horace's Odes........................Anthon
Classical Manual.....................Fiske
Mensuration, Surveying, Navigation...Davies
Second Session.
Greek Testament (Acts of the Apostles).
Homer's Iliad........................Felton
Horace's Satires and Epistles........Anthon
Classical Manual.....................Fiske.
Analytical Geometry..................Davies
[Page 162]
Third Session.
Greek Testament (lst and 2nd Corinthians).
Xenophon's Memorabilia Tacitus.......Packard
Classical Manual.....................Fiske
Analvtical Geometry (finished);
Descriptive Geometry.................Davies
Rhetoric.............................Blair
JUNIOR CLASS
First Session.
Greek Testament (Ephesians, 2nd Thessalonians).
Demosthenes' Orations.
Cicero de Oratore.
Natural Philosophy (Mechanics).......Olmstead
Elements of Criticism................Kames
Natural Theology.....................Paley
Second Session.
Greek Testament (lst Timothy-Philemon).
Greek Plays..........................Woolsey
Natural Philosophy
(Hydrostatics, Pneumatics)...........Olmstead
Chemistry............................Turner
Tyler's Universal History (Ancient).
Logic................................Whateley
Third Session.
Greek Testament (James-Jude).
Greek Plays..........................Woolsey
Natural Philosophy (Electricity,
Magnetism, Optics)...................Olmstead
Rhetoric.............................Whateley
Tyler's Universal History (Modern).
SENIOR CLASS
First Session.
Greek Testament (Romans and Galatians)
Chemistry, Geology, Mineralogy
[Page 163]
Mental Philosophy....................Brown
Political Economy....................Wayland
Second Session.
Greek Testament (Hebrews).
Astronomy............................Olmstead
Moral Philosophy.....................Wayland
Analogy of Nat. and Rev. Religion to the consti-
tution and course of nature..........Butler
Evidences of Christianity.
Third Session.
Greek Testament (Revelation).
Biblical Antiquities.
Physiology, Botany.
Hallam's Middle Ages.
Guizot's History of Civilization in Modern Europe.
International and Constitutional Law (1)...Kent
"It is deemed preferable that in Greek and Latin, students should, as far as practicable, read entire works, rather than garbled and meager excerpts from a larger number of authors.
"There are exercises in composition and declamation throughout the whole course.
"Special instruction will be given in the art of teaching to those who design to engage in that occupation."
One is impressed with the scope, balance and scholarly character of the MacMaster course of study, and not a little surprised that the Faculty of the reorganized institution, after the failure of the Madison enterprise, should return to the curriculum of 1832 with the slight revisions of 1836. Several years were required to regain the lost ground. The curriculum of 1854, developed under the leadership of President Thomas, approached the level of the MacMaster course of study, but not its scope, nor its provisions for contact with current world movements. The requirement of two [Page 164] years of Hebrew in addition to the traditional amounts of Latin and Greek represents merely the personal interest of the president. However, the use of the Hebrew with the Greek as the vehicle for biblical instruction served to keep the former in the curriculum for many years.
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION, 1854
Freshman Class.
I.
Robinson's Greek Harmony of the Gospels.
Horne's Biblical Antiquities (abridged edition).
Cooper's Virgil, with the study of Prosody.
Xenophon's Memorabilia of Socrates (Robbins' edition).
Roman Antiquities (Bojesen).
Arnold's Greek Composition.
Robinson's Algebra, completed, (University edition).
II.
Robinson's Harmony.
Lincoln's Livy.
Memorabilia, continued.
Herodotus (Leipsic edition) begun.
Roman, Grecian, and Biblical Antiquities.
Davies' Plane Geometry.
III.
Robinson's Harmony.
Lincoln's Livy, continued.
Herodotus, continued.
Grecian and Biblical Antiquities.
Davies' Plane Trigonometry and Surveying.
Sophomore Class.
I.
Acts of the Apostles (Owen's edition).
Cicero de Amicitia and de Senectute.
[Page 165]
Homer's Iliad ((Owen's edition).
Davies' Solid Geometry.
Weber's Manual of Ancient History.
II.
Epistolary portion of the New Testament, in Greek.
Horace, with study of Horatian metres.
Homer's Iliad, continued Plato's Gorgias begun.
Davies' Spherical Trigonometry, and applications.
Weber's Modern History.
III.
Epistles, continued.
Horace, continued.
Plato's Gorgias, (Woolsey's edition).
Davies' Analytical Geometry.
Ecclesiastical History.
Junior Class.
I.
Hebrew Grammar (Stuart's Roediger.)
Genesis.
Tacitus' Germania and Agricola (Tyler's edition).
Aeschines against Ctesiphon (Champlin's edition).
Olmstead's Natural Philosophy, Vol. lst.
Blair's Rhetoric.
II.
Hebrew-Genesis.
Cicero de Oratore.
Aeschines, continued; Demosthenes de Corona begun.
Olmstead's Natural Philosophy, Vols. lst and 2nd.
Whateley's Logic.
III.
Hebrew-Psalms.
Cicero de Oratore, continued.
Demosthenes de Corona (Champlin's edition) finished.
Olmstead's Astronomy.
Wayland's Political Economy.
[Page 166]
Senior Class.
I.
Select portions of the Hebrew Bible, with lectures.
Psychology (Walker's edition of Reid).
Silliman's Chemistry.
Anatomy and Physiology, with lectures.
Wood's Botany, with lectures.
Cicero's Tisculan Disputations, etc. (Chase's edition).
II.
Select Hebrew.
Psychology-Philosophy of Sir Wm. Hamilton (Wright's edition).
Chemistry.
Paley's Natural Theology.
Greek Tragedies; Lectures on Grecian Art, Literature, etc.
III.
Select Hebrew.
Butler's Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature.
Moral Philosophy (Walker's edition of Stewart and Alexander).
Mineralogy.
Hitchcock's Geology.
Under the administration of President Edwards some slight modifications were made. Algebra was dropped from the course, the freshmen having plane geometry, plane trigonometry and surveying. English Bible was required throughout the freshman and sophomore and junior years. Vocal music was required of the freshmen, possibly in order to improve chapel singing. American history was substituted for Ecclesiastical history. In 1858 American history and vocal music again drop out, and one term each of zoology, botany and physical geography appear in the sophomore year, the botany being set back from [Page 167] the senior program. For the juniors "natural philosophy" becomes "Light and Heat" the winter term and "Electricity" the spring term. "Psychology" and "Ethics" are rechristened "Intellectual Philosophy " and "Moral Science." In 1861 President Wood had dropped zoology and physical geography from the course, and put botany again in the senior year. His most important act was making Hebrew an elective. By 1867 zoology had again found a place, this time in the senior program, and psychology had recovered its proper name.
The period which produced the largest number of Hanover men of distinction in scientific achievement was from 1866 to 1875. The curriculum as provided in 1870 exhibits the scope and content of the subject matter of their training, and is suggestive of what many think the proper ration for development of scientific ability.
FRESHMAN CLASS
First Term.
Greek Testament, Gospels.
Biblical Antiquities........................Nevin
Sallust.....................................Butler and Sturgus
Latin Exercises.............................Andrews
Xenophon's Anabasis.........................Boise
Greek Prose Composition.....................Boise
Plane Geometry..............................Davies' Legendre (five books)
Second Term.
Greek Testament, Gospels, continued.
Sallust, continued................................Butler and Sturgus
Virgil.
Xenophon's Anabasis and Memorabilia...............Anthon
Latin Exercises, and Greek Composition, continued.
Practical Plane Trigonometry and Mensuration
of Surfaces.......................................Davies' Legendre
[Page 168]
El. Rhetoric and Composition.
This session closes with the Spring Exhibitions,
the last week in March.
Third Term.
Greek Testament, Gospels, continued.
Virgil.
Xenophon's Memorabilia......................Anthon
Latin and Greek Exercises.
Surveying and Navigation....................Davies
El. Rhetoric and Composition.
SOPHOMORE CLASS
First Term.
Greek Testament, Acts.
Livy........................................Lincoln
Homer's Odyssey.............................Owen
Solid Geometry..............................Davies'Legendre (Books 6-9)
Greek History...............................Smith
Analytical Plane Trigonometry...............Davies' Legendre
Rhetoric....................................Blair
Second Term.
Greek Testament, Epistles.
Livy, continued.
Homer's Odyssey, continued.
Plato.......................................Woolsey
Roman History...............................Liddell
Roman Antiquities...........................Bojesen
Spherical Trigonometry, Mensuration of Surfaces
and Solids..................................Davies' Legendre
Rhetoric....................................Blair
Third Term.
Greek Testament, Epistles.
Horace......................................Lincoln
Greek Antiquities...........................Bojesen
Plato.
Modern History..............................Lord
[Page 169]
Analytical Geometry.........................Loomis
Dif. Calculus...............................Loomis
English Literature.
JUNIOR CLASS
First Term.
Hebrew Grammar and Hebrew, Genesis, Optional
Tacitus, Germania and Agricola..............Tyler
Demosthenes' or Aeschines' Orations.........Champlin
Differential and Integral Calculus..........Loomis
Chemistry...................................Roscoe
Psychology..................................Porter
Second Term.
Hebrew, Genesis, continued.
Cicero and Demosthenes.
Natural Philosophy, Mathematical p't........Snell's Omstead
Logic.......................................Porter
Chemistry, continued.
Physics.
Botany......................................Gray
Third Term.
Hebrew, Psalms.
Cicero and Greek Comedy.
Natural Philosophy, Applications.
Political Economy...........................Wayland
Botany, continued.
SENIOR CLASS
First Term.
Anatomy and Physiology......................Huxley
Zoology.....................................Agassiz
Selections of Hebrew Bible.
Cicero's Tusculan Disputations, or De Officus, continued.
Greek Tragedy...............................Woolsey
[Page 170]
Uranography and Astronomy...................Burritt and Loomis
Moral Science...............................Wayland
Second Term.
Ev. of Christianity.........................McIlvaine
Select Hebrew, continued.
Mineralogy and Geology......................Dana
Butler's Analogy.
Natural Theology............................Paley
Cicero and Greek Tragedy, continued.
Juvenal.....................................Anthon
Astronomy and review.
Third Term.
Hebrew, continued.
Geology and excursions, continued.
Natural Theology.
Juvenal.
Greek Tragedy.
Constitution of the U. S. A.......................Story
Astronomy, Uranography, and Review.
During President Archibald's administration the course in English developed from one term of Rhetoric and Composition and a term of English Literature to four terms of Rhetoric and Composition and a term of literature, which was taking an advanced position for that day in the matter of training in the vernacular. In 1871 Hebrew disappeared from the curriculum, and German and French were admitted to the junior and senior years as optionals.
The development of the "Scientific Course" in parallel with the traditional "Classical Course" is interesting as showing the obstinacy with which the classics clung to the protection of their monopolistic position. From the very first the Faculty accepted students who were excused from the prescribed courses and permitted to pursue such studies as they [Page 171] might elect, provided they were qualified for the subjects; chosen. But no recognition in the form of certificate, diploma or degree was granted these special students. In 1852, without doubt at the suggestion of President Thomas,
"The Board of Trustees, at its recent meeting, established the Department of English, Mathematics and Scientific Instruction above presented; and adopted a course of study which enables the student to acquire, in three years, all that is included in the Collegiate scheme, except the Classical Branches. To those who have obtained a respectable common-school education, and who have not time or opportunity to pursue the Classical course, this system of studies will, it is hoped, commend itself, as solid, comprehensive and practical. Those who shall complete the prescribed Scientific course, will receive a Diploma, exhibiting the extent of their attainments."
This practice continued until 1870, when the curriculum of the "Scientific Department" was extended to cover four years, and the privilege granted of pursuing the study of German and French in connection therewith. In 1872 the final step was taken. The catalogue for that year announces two parallel courses, the Classical leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts and the Scientifice Course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science. These courses were identical except in the substation of an equal number of units of modern language for Greek and advanced Latin. The announcement says of the Classical Course: "It is the aim of the Faculty and the Board to increase its efficiency from year to year, as the suitable preparation for post-graduate studies in Theology, Medicine and Law and for the profession of Teaching; and to furnish that useful and liberal culture which becomes the Christian scholar and the enlightened citizen."
[Page 172] The difference was in the language subjects, and the issue involved, the parity of ancient and modern languages. These parallel courses, with some shifting of amount and sequence, and the provision of limited election from 1886 on, constituted the currriculm until 1912. The first announcement of electives appeared in 1886: "In the advanced classes, when it is thought to be best and is practicable, an election within certain limits, is allowed as to studies. The Studies chosen must always be in amount and character sufficient to place the respective sections of the classes as nearly as possible on an equality as to work required. For most purposes the election between the Classical and Scientific Courses is all that is desirable." The number of electives increased during the latter part of President Fisher's administration until they constituted half the junior and three-fourths of the senior program. The ultimate development of this curriculum is shown in the following synopsis of the curriculum in 1911:
Subject / Term / Hours per Week /Total No. Credits Required
Math. I / P, W, S, / 4 / 12
Latin I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Greek I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
English I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Bible I / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Elocution / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Gymnasium / F, W, 8, / 2 / 3
History I, II, III / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Greek II / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
[Page 173]
Biology I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Bible II / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Elocution / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
*Gymnasium
Greek III / W, S, / 4 / 8
Pol. Science / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Chemistry I / F, / 4 / 4
Bible III / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Elocution / F, W, 8, / 1 / 3
*Gymnasium
Philosophy I / F, / 4 / 4
Philosophy II / W, / 2 / 2
Philosophy IV / W, / 3 / 3
Philosophy V / S, / 3 / 3
Bible IV / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Elocution / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
*Gymnasium
Subject / Term / Hours per Week / Total No. Credits Required
Math. I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
English I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Foreign Language. / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Bible I / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Elocution / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Gymnasium / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Math. II, III / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Hist. I, II, III / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Biology I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
*Three terms' work must be taken in Gymnasium at some time during the sophomore, Junior or Senior years.
Note:-F means Fall Term; W, Winter Term; S, Spring Term.
[Page 174]
* Foreign Language. / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Bible II / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Elocution / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
*Gymnasium
Pol. Science / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Physics / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Chemistry I, II / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Foreign Language. / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Bible III / F, W, S, / 1 / 3 /
Elocution / F, W, S, / 1 / 3 /
*Gymnasium
Philosophy I / F, / 4 / 4
Philosophy II / W, / 2 / 2
Philosophy IV / W, / 3 / 3
Philosophy V / S, / 3 / 3
Bible IV / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
Elocution / F, W, S, / 1 / 3
*Gymnasium
No Electives.
Sophomore Year.
Subjects. / Term. / Hours per Week. / Total No. Credits Required
*Math. II, III / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Latin II / F, W, S, / 2 / 6
English IIa / F, W, S, / 2 / 6
English IIb / F, W, S, / 2 / 6
English IV / P, W, S, / 2 / 6
Music
*Three terms' work must be taken in Gymnasium at some time during the Sophomore, Junior or Senior years.
Note:-F means Fall Term; W, Winter Term; S, Spring Term.
[Page 175]
Math. IV / F, / 4 / 4
Math. V / W, / 4 / 4
Math. VI / S, / 4 / 4
Latin III or IV / F, W, / 4 / 8
Latin / S, / 4 / 4
History IV / F, / 4 / 4
Sociology / F, / 4 / 4
Economics II / W, / 4 / 4
Economics III / S, / 4 / 4
Social Economy / S, / 4 / 4
German I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
German II / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
German III / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
French I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
French II / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
English V / F, / 4 / 4
English VI or VII. / W, / 4 / 4
*Physics / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
*Chemistry / W, S, / 4 / 8
Biology II / S, / 4 / 4
Education VI / S, / 4 / 4
Education VIII / S, / 4 / 4
Education IX / S, / 4 / 4
Education X / S, / 4 / 4
Education XII / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Music
History IV / F, / 4 / 4
History V / W, / 4 / 4
Economics II / W, / 4 / 4
Economics III / S, / 4 / 4
Social Economy / S, / 4 / 4
English VIII / F, / 4 / 4
English IX or X / S, / 4 / 4
Greek IV / W, S, / 4 / 8
Latin III or IV / F, W, / 4 / 8
*Required in the Scientific Course.
[Page 176]
Chemistry III / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Chemistry IV / F, / 4 / 4
French I / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
French II / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
German II / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
German III / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Biology III / F, / 4 / 4
Astronomy / F, W, / 4 / 8
Math. VII / F, W, / 4 / 8
Math. VIII / S, / 4 / 4
Philosophy III / W, / 4 / 4
Education V / S, / 4 / 4
Education VI / S, / 4 / 4
Education VII / W, S, / 4 / 8
Education X / S, / 4 / 4
Education XI / S, / 4 / 4
Education XII / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Geology / F, W, S, / 4 / 12
Music
In 1912 the Trustees authorized the reorganization of the curriculum on the present basis, the general character of which is exhibited in the following excerpt from the 1926 catalogue:
"The annual session of the College is divided into four terms of approximately three months each. One fifty-minute recitation per week through a term constittites the unit of credit and is called 'an hour of work.' Two and one-half hours of laboratory work count as an hour of recitation work. With but few exceptions, four recitations per week are required in each subject. Such a subject is said to be a 'four hour subject' and its satisfactory completion entitles the student to four 'hours' of credit.
"The College offers but one general course of study, the Liberal Arts Course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The requirements for graduation are as follows:
[Page 177] "I. All students are required to take the course in Gymnasium as indicated under the head of 'Physical Culture.'
"II. In addition to the above each student must offer 192 hours of work, which shall be distributed as follows:
"1. Each student shall offer 24 hours of Foreign Language and 12 hours each of Bible, Mathematics, English, History, Social Science, Physical Science, Biological Science and Philosophy.
"2. The remaining 72 credits shall be offered in courses so chosen that the student at time of graduation will have completed two full majors as prescribed for the several departments of instruction. The student shall select his majors at the beginning of the Sophomore year, subject to the approval of the Faculty.
"This plan operates in such manner that the student secures a thorough grounding in each of the several departments of learning and at the same time obtains a reasonable mastery of at least two fields of study. It is impossible for the individual student to secure a course of study which is one-sided in either scholarship or discipline."
A qualitative factor also is required:
"1. The letters A, B, C, D, and F shall be used in grading.
"2. All grades of A, B, and C shall entitle the student to full credit.
"3. Grades of D shall not entitle the student to credit unless his average including D's shall be C. Deficiencies in average must be made up within a year. Not more than twelve grades of D may be counted towards graduation regardless of average.
4. Students shall not be enrolled in classes above Freshman unless they have at least the following credits:
[Page 178]
" Sophomore-48 hours.
" Junior-96 hours.
" Senior-144 hours.
"5. Each student must carry sixteen hours of work unless given special permission by the Faculty to reduce or increase the amount. No student may without special permission take an extra subject unless his average is at least B, and that average must be maintained in order to secure credit for the extra subject. In no case may a student carry more than twenty hours of work without permission of the Faculty.
6. No student may take work outside the classroom. No correspondence courses are given."
The general scheme of study is shown in a synopsis of the requirements for graduation:
1. Required of All Students.
Introduction to College (3 hours).
Bible (12 hours).
Gymnasium, 6 terms (12 hours).
Mathematics I, II (12 hours).
English I (12 hours).
Foreign Language (24 hours).
History I, II, III (12 hours).
Social Science I, II, III (12 hours).
Philosophy I, II, III (12 hours).
A Physical Science (12 hours).
A Biological Science (12 hours).
The above courses in Mathematies, English and the first year of the Foreign Language must be taken not later than the Freshman year; the courses in History and Biology not later than the Sophomore year; the courses in Economics and Physical Science not later than the Junior year; the courses in Philosophy may be taken in either the Junior or Senior years.
[Page 179]
In addition to the above required work each student must select before the beginning of the Sophomore year two majors from those listed below, the courses in each of which shall be pursued in the order prescribed by the departments concerned.
1. Bible (48 hours).
Bible. All courses offered.
Philosophy V.
2. Biology (44 hours).
Biology I, II, III, and IV.
Chemistry I.
3. Chemistry (36 hours).
Chemistry I, II, III, IV, V, and VI.
4. English (48 hours).
English I, II, IV, and 12 hours from other courses.
5. French (48 hours).
French I, II, and III.
Latin I, or Spanish.
6. Geology (40 hours).
Zoology.
Chemistry I and II.
Mineralogy.
Geology.
7. General Science (64 hours).
Biology I, II, III or IV.
Chemistry I and II.
Physics I.
Geology I.
8. German (48 hours).
German I, II, and III.
German IV, or Latin I, or French I, or Greek IV.
9. Greek (48 hours).
Greek I, II, III.
Latin I, or Greek IV.
10. History (48 hours). All courses listed except X and XIII.
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11. Social Science (36 hours). All courses listed.
12. Social Studies (56 hours).
History I to IX inclusive.
Social Science I, III III.
13. Latin (48 hours).
Greek I.
Latin I, II, and III or IV.
14. Mathematics (36 hours).
Mathematics I, II, III, and IV.
12 hours in other Mathematics.
15. Music (48 hours). See Departmental Statement.
16. Philosophy (48 hours).
Philosophy (32 hours).
Social Science I and II.
Education XXIII.
17. Physics (44 hours).
Mathematics III and IV.
Physics I and II.
Mechanics.
Astronomy.
The essential difference of principle involved in the new curriculum is recognition of the two primary needs of the undergraduate; first, acquaintance with the fundamental facts and cultures of all departments of learning; second, a sufficiently continued study of those subject matter groups which form the scholarship and disciplinary basis of his subsequent vocational activity. It combines the two principles of prescription and election, but, for the most part, restricts the latter groups of studies.
The early curriculum was drawn chiefly from the Latin and Greek languages and literature, and pure and applied mathematics. The course of study of 1832 included a semester of rhetoric, a semester of history, a year of science, a year of philosophy, and an optional semester of French. In 1870 the course in- [Page 181] cluded a year of rhetoric, a term of literature, two terms of ancient and one of modern history, one term of civics, two terms of chemistry, two of botany, one each of anatomy and zoology, three of astronomy, two of geology, and two of "natural philosophy." To the former courses in philosophy had been added a term each of Evidence of Christianity and Butler's Analogy, and two terms of "Natural Theology." By 1902 these subjects had been expanded to offer three years of English, one year each of History, Political Science, Botany and Chemistry, one term each of Anatomy, and "Physical Science," two terms each of Physics, Geology and Astronomy, and a semester of Sociology. The last subject made its appearance the preceding year. Hebrew, Butler's Analogy, and Theology were the only subjects to be dropped from the curriculum.
The table below shows the number of "unit years" of instruction offered in the various subjects at intervals during the century.
SUBJECTS / 1832 / 1852 / 1872 / 1892 / 1912 / 1926
Mathematics / 3 1/2 / 2 / 2 1/3 / 3 / 4 / 4
Latin / 3 / 3 1/3 / 3 2/3 / 2 2/3 / 3 / 3
Greek / 3 1/2 / 3 1/2 / 3 2/3 / 3 2/3 / 3 / 3
French / 1/2 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3
German / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 3 / 2
Spanish / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2
English / t1/2 / t1/3 / 1 2/3 / tl 1/3 / t5 / 5 1/3
Hebrew / 1/2 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
History / 1 / 1 / 1 1/3 / 1 / 4 / 4
Social Science / 1/2 / 1/3 / 1 / 1 / 4 / 3
Philosophy / 1 / 1 1/3 / 1 / 1 1/3 / 2 / 3
Theol. and Religious Work / 0 / 2/3 / 1 1/3 / 2/3 / 0 / 4
Botany / 0 / 1/3 / 2/3 / 1 1/3 / 1 / 1
Zoology and Biology / 0 / 0 / l/3 / 2/3 / 1/3 / 3
Anatomy and Physiology / 0 / 1/3 / 1/3 / 1/3 / 1/3 / 1/3
Natural Philosophy / 1/2 / 2/3 / 2/3 / 1 / 0 / 0
Physics / 0 / 0 / 1/3 / 1 / 1 / 1 1/2
Chemistry / 1/2 / 2/3 / 2/3 / 1 / 2 / 3
Astronomy / 1 / 1/3 / 2/3 / 1 / 2/3 / 2/3
Geology / 0 / 1/3 / 2/3 / 1 / 1 2/3 / 2
Education / +0 / +0 / 0 / +0 / 3 / 4
+ - see chapter VIII for Teacher Training.
t - drills in Essay Writting and Public Speaking throughout the
four years.
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SUBJECTS / 1832 / 1852 / 1875 / 1892 / 1912 / 1926
English Bible / * / *2 / * / *1/2 / 4 2/3
Music / 0 / 0 / 0 / 4 / 8 / 8
Phyical Education / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 3
The hurried survey just made of the development of the curriculum of Hanover College reveals that this has proceeded in the direction of increasing scope, liberalization vitalness, specialization, and democratic character. The increasing scope of instruction does not at all mean that the individual student pursues more studies in 1926 than in 1832. The fact is possibly the reverse. It means that the student body as a group is working at many more things, and that the College is, thereby, assuming leadership in many more activities of society. The institution is thus becoming more socialized. The curriculum is becoming more liberalized in the sense that it offers the student larger opportunity for the intellectual and practical mastery of himself, and of his social and physical environment. It is becoming more vitalized in the sense that it offers an increasing opportunity to the student to come into personal contact with the factors of his own life. It offers him larger opportunity to make his undergraduate study truly pre-vocational. Lastly it is becoming more democratic in the increased possibility of granting the individual student that combination of studies which are best calculated to secure the fullest development of his native abilities. He has a larger chance to make the most of himself. This means also that the College serves a more diversified student body.
*Attendance on Sabbath Bible Classes required.