Guide to the Alling Diary

Charles Alling, Jr., entered Hanover College in 1879, when he was thirteen years old, as a student in the "preparatory department"; he graduated in 1885, when he was nineteen. During his junior and senior years, he kept a diary, recording his day-to-day experiences. He seems to be a fairly typical student of his time. He had an active social life, getting into mischief with his friends, escorting girls to dances, and participating in fraternity life as a member of Sigma Chi. He also had a serious side, reading poetry, discussing sermons with his friends, and worrying about how to find the right career after graduation.

After graduating from Hanover, he went on to practice law in Chicago and to serve as an Alderman there. He maintained interests that he had developed at Hanover --directing the First Presbyterian Church School in Chicago and becoming a national officer in Sigma Chi, for instance. He married in 1914 and had no children.

Charles Alling, Sr., the diarist's father, was a hardware merchant and raised eight children.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. Charles Alling.

Charles' elder sister, Kitty Alling was born in 1864. In the 1880 census, Kitty (spelled Kittie in this census) was sixteen years old and was listed as being "at school." Nu Chapter of Kappa Alpha Theta mentions Kitty in the January 1886 issue of the Kappa Alpha Theta magazine. Each chapter sent letters to the magazine to update other chapters about their current news. Nu Chapter writes of Kitty's initiation at Epsilon Chapter at the College of Wooster in this issue, praising Kitty as "one of Nu's brightest favorites" and noting that they wished she could have been one of them.

On September 17, 1893, Kitty died of typhoid fever in Wooster, Ohio. She is buried in Springdale Cemetery in Madison, Indiana.

Sources: 1880 United States Census, Madison Jefferson County, Indiana, digital image s.v. "Kitty Alling," Ancestry.com; "NU. Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana," Kappa Alpha Theta, 1 no. 3 (Jan. 1886), 98; Find a Grave, digital image s.v. "Kathryn L. 'Kitty' Alling," findagrave.com.

Robinson, also known as Rob, was ten years old in 1883.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. Charles Alling.

Source: Ron Grimes and Bob Thomas, Jefferson County Historical Society volunteers, conversation with author, 22 Sep. 2010.

William came from a working-class family with middle-class ideals and aspirations. Even though his father earned his wages through tough manual labor, he still believed in seeking out higher education for his children. In the late 1800s, the national college attendance rate was less than five percent. So, for a farming man to want to send his son to college is a mark of growing middle-class values. Even John F. Baird, William's brother, was a teacher. William could be classified into the outsider sub-culture of college life in the late 1800s. For one, he is not wealthy. The majority of those in the participant sub-culture come from wealthy families, and they are not in college to learn from the professors, but to gain more connections made in college with peers. In Alling's journal entry whenever he mentions Baird, the pair of them and a few other friends are either studying or reading. So, as one can see, he is focused on his studies more than extracurricular activities like intramural sports. However, both Alling and Baird must have been well known on campus for their orations, as their names appear commonly in Hanover's collection of archived programs. One can view this as extracurricular, but one can also view this as an educational exercise, as public speaking is an art that every successful person must master. This is the reasoning behind placing Baird in the outsider sub-culture.

Sources: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, digital image s.v. William Martyn Baird, Ancestry.com; Sarah M. Vosmeier, lectures for American Cultural History: Middle Class, Hanover College, 29 September 2014, 9 September 2014;William Alfred Millis, The History of Hanover College From 1827 to 1927 (Hanover, Indiana: Hanover College, 1927), 242, Hanover Historical Texts Collection (accessed 30 Sept. 2014).

Census and land ownership records indicate that Miss Lottie, or Lotta Brewer was the daughter of Samuel Brewer, a printer living in the 4th Ward. The Brewers resided at 509 West Street. Lotta Brewer is seventeen years old when she is referenced in this passage.

Source: Ron Grimes and Bob Thomas, Jefferson County Historical Society volunteers, conversation with author, 22 Sep. 2010; 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. Samuel Brewer, HeritageQuestOnline.com.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Madison, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Carrie Calloway."

A middle class value that Alling embodies is his care for his appearance. The Dec. 28, 1883, diary entry shows that he cares about the condition of his clothes -- he wants to look clean. This is a quality that Rev. John Todd discusses in The Student Manual. Rev. John Todd talks about dressing neatly and cleanliness in general and its importance in society as a gentleman. Readers could also take this as meaning that this may be one of his only outfits, and therefore he really needs to keep it in good condition. Alling's entry also emphasizes that he is hard-working.

Lydia Clough was the daughter of Susan N. Clough. Her mother, Susan, was widowed and Lydia had three siblings. Their names were William, Cornelia, and John. William worked as a merchant and Cornelia didn't have an occupation. John worked as a clerk in a store. Lydia also didn't have an occupation, just like her sister Cornelia. While all the siblings each have occupations, Lydia's mother also had an occupation. Lydia's mother's occupation is "housekeeping."

Lydia Clough was single. While she was single, Lydia Clough also lived in Madison, Indiana. Her mother was born in New Hampshire. Even though Lydia's mother was born in New Hampshire, Lydia Clough herself was born in Indiana. Since Lydia is the daughter of a family in the middle class, there was expectations that she had to follow. Her family is categorized as being the middle class due to her brother having the job of a clerk. If anyone one member of a family works as a clerk, that means the whole family is categorized as being in the middle class even though some people would disagree.

"The necessity of female self-sacrifice, womanly submission, and the equation of self with gender role was part of the gender script middle-class daughters of the mid-century period inherited from their mothers." This assumes that all women were defined in a certain way back then, which was exemplified by their mothers. Therefore, females were forced to confine themselves to how society wanted them to be defined, rather than having the freedom to choose how they could be viewed as. Therefore, "daughters were initiated into their mother's feminine guild." This shows how femininity was promoted in family relationships between the mother and daughter. This quote also show a strong sense of how a female was defined was enforced in the familial line, promoting the idea of how important the behavior of daughters was during this time. Both these quotes also apply how society viewed women in the 1800s and how that view shaped the behavior of women during that time.

Typically, middle-class daughters had a very deep and close relationship with their mothers in the 1880s. "Another daughter wrote of the sister-like confidence and closer companionship that developed between her mother and herself as she grew to maturity." Because daughters could relate to their mothers as they grew older, this caused their relationship to become more tight-knit. Due to their relationship being tight-knit, their relationship could be categorized as a close friendship between two individuals.

Yet, while there were middle-class daughters who had close relationships with their mothers, there were also middle-class daughters who were not that close to the matriarch in the family. Even though certain print media showed all daughters and mothers being close, that wasn't always accurate. Rather, some daughters just didn't have that tight-knit relationship with their mothers due to birth order and father -daughter relationship. Therefore, a daughter's closeness with their mothers could vary during this period. A daughter may be very close with their mother, yet a daughter could also be not close to their mother.

Interestingly, in the 1880s, women learned from their mothers' traits that would help young girls become good mothers. Similarly, Lydia learned from her mother while not having an occupation. While daughters during this time were typically close with their mothers, some daughters found their relationships with their mothers strained. This was a time in which the relationship between mother and daughter was a huge factor in the daughter's life, therefore implying how important both the daughters and the mothers were to one another. Researching Lydia's life allowed for an interesting glimpse into what a woman's life was like during the 1880s.

Sources: 1880 United States Census, Madison, Jefferson County, Indiana: s.v. "Lydia Clough." Ancestry.com; Nancy M. Theriot, Mothers and Daughters in Nineteenth Century: The Biosocial Construction of Femininity (Kentucky:The University of Kentucky Press,1990), 62-64.

Lincoln Cravens (also known as Linck) was an 1885 graduate of Hanover College. His parents, Vincent and Minerva Cravens resided in Madison, Indiana, but after graduating from Hanover, Cravens settled in Kansas and became the prosecuting attorney for Scott City from 1891 to 1893. Later, he returned to Madison and served as City Attorney. In 1909, he moved to Hammond, Indiana. In 1919 Cravens died in Rockville, Indiana.

Sources: 1880 United States Census, Madison, Jefferson County, Indiana; "Alumni File of Lincoln Cravens, Class of 1885," Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Indiana).

Rev. Mr. DeWitt, of Lane Theological Seminary, was born October 10, 1842, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. DeWitt went to the College of New Jersey, which is now called Princeton University. Information from Princeton Theological seminary states that DeWitt was enrolled in college from 1861 until 1863. After college, DeWitt followed the path of ministry. He was ordained as a pastor the summer of 1865 at the Third Presbyterian Church in New York City. During the years of 1865 until 1882, DeWitt preached at several churches. Over the span of seventeen years, DeWitt preached in three different locations: New York, Massachusetts, and Philadelphia. During his time as a pastor, he was granted the Doctor of Divinity from the College of New Jersey in 1877. After years of being a pastor, DeWitt made a change in profession. In 1882 he became a professor of Church History at Lane Theological Seminary. During his time at Lane Theological Seminary he made a visit to Hanover College. In the year of 1888 Hanover College presented DeWitt with a Doctrine of Law. After this award, DeWitt switched schools and went to teach at McCormick Theological Seminary, where he was a professor of Apologetics.

At McCormick Theological Seminary, John DeWitt became a well-known professor. The salary that DeWitt earned while working at the college can be found in the book, A History of the McCormick Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. It states that he earned three thousand dollars per year. In addition to his salary, he was provided with a place to live on the seminary grounds like the other professors. Reverend DeWitt stayed with the McCormick Theological Seminary until 1892. In 1892 DeWitt went back to where his schooling all started, Princeton Theological Seminary. By this time, the school actually went by Princeton instead of College of New Jersey. While at Princeton, he was a professor of Church History again and also served as a trustee. DeWitt was a professor until 1912; he then lived his life out in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death on November 23, 1923.

Sources: Leroy Jones Halsey, A History of the McCormick Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, 1893 (University of California, 2007), pg 439-440 (accessed online); Special Collections staff, Princeton Theological Libraries, The John DeWitt Manuscript Collection Summary, 1881-1910, Princeton Theological Seminary, New Jersey (accessed online, Sept. 26, 2014).

In 1880, Alice Emmet was living with her mother and her grandparents. Alling described her as "lively as a cricket," and she had plenty of opportunities to socialize with other young people because her grandfather owned a soda fountain in Madison.

Sources: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Allace B. Emmet," Ancestry.com.

Daniel Webster Fisher, often referred to as D.W. Fisher, served as a pastor in Madison for three years before becoming the college's tenth president in 1879. Fisher began his career at Hanover as a Holliday Prof. of Logic and Mental Philosophy and Crowe Memorial Prof. of Biblical Instruction. He ended his presidential term in 1907.

--research by Taylor Elliot, HC 2012, and Emily Fehr, HC 2013

Dr. Daniel Fisher was born on January 17, 1838, in Arch Spring, Pennsylvania. He coincidentally graduated from Jefferson College (Hanover is in Jefferson County) in Pennsylvania and studied theology. He pastored numerous churches throughout his career including Second Presbyterian Church in Madison, Indiana, which is just outside of Hanover. According to The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, his presidency included many challenges; he eliminated the college's debt, increased the endowment, and improved the college's reputation among churches and friends of the college. At the time of his retirement, the college's endowment was $200,000, and the property and buildings were worth $150,000.

Edith Fisher was a sophomore at Hanover College during the 1884-85 academic year. Edith is listed as one of the few who took Special courses compared to the traditional Scientific or Classical courses.

Source: Edith Fisher, "The Alumni Record," in Bulletin Hanover College, ed. Joshua Bolles Garritt et al, Vol. V, No. 11, March 1, 1913.

An 1886 graduate of Hanover College and fellow member of Sigma Chi, Fisher was also the son of D.W. Fisher, Hanover College's president at the time of his graduation. After Hanover, Fisher attended McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago and, following graduation, traveled to the East Indies as a medical missionary. He married Katherine Conner in 1896, and a few years later, attended Berlin University (Medical Society). He eventually settled in Washington D.C. as an "Associate in Children's Clinic."

Sources: John F. Baird and J.B. Garritt, ed., General Catalogue of Alumni and Former Students of Hanover College, (Madison, Indiana: The Courier Company, 1890), 37; Medical Society of the District of Columbia, History of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, (Harvard University, 1909), 378.

During the Reconstruction years following the Civil War, there was a desire growing in middle class to have a focus on sports and physical fitness. Middle class men were the main focus of this new cultural shift that started in a lot in the late 1870's and early 1880s. This is due to the fact that more middle class people that were not going into the church were attending colleges and universities. This shift to a more athletic outlook for the men was something that permeated in the college student population.

In the United States football did not flourish until the latter half of the nineteenth century. When versions of football were emerging in places like such as the United Kingdom and the United States, there was a large amount of transatlantic immigration and communication. Football did not take a strong hold on the American populace until the 1880 and 1890's. Football became popular mainly with the colleges and universities were of the east coast. The larger more popular teams that played were in the Ivy League; these teams consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia just to name a few. It was eclipsed by other sports that were more popular at the time such as horse racing, rowing, and mostly by baseball. "College football was a minor affair outside university communities and their alumni in 1883, but in filling a void due to the absence of horse racing and baseball in November, football received the same sort of attention given these more popular sports." Football became more popular with non-college oriented people with the help of journalism.

Journalism had a substantial effect on the football of the 1880's and 90's. "The daily press in the New York had an impact on college football in the 1880s and 1890s greater than television's effect on professional football in the 1950s and 1960s." This is important to the rise of football because of the popularity of the New York newspapers along the East Coast where football had the biggest popularity. On the East Coast, Princeton was a powerhouse, and Harvard was a close second.

Sources: T. Collins, "Unexceptional Exceptionalism: The Origins of American Football in a Transnational Context," Journal of Global History 8 (2013): 209-230; Michael Oriard, Reading American Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle (University of North Carolina Press, 1993).

Joshua Bolles Garritt was born on January 23, 1832, in the town of Litchfield, Connecticut. He attended Hanover College, graduating in 1853, and Princeton Theological Seminary, graduating in 1856. Later, Garritt received a Ph.D. from Wooster University, and an LL.D. from the University of Kentucky. Garritt began teaching at Hanover in 1856. Just a year later, in 1857, Garritt married Sadie Almira Crowe, daughter of John Finlay Crowe, the founder of Hanover College itself. Garritt’s marriage with Crowe produced three children. His daughters, Leila and Margaret Esther, were born in 1857 and 1861, respectively. His son, Joshua C., was born in 1865. Garritt and his wife would remain together until Sadie’s death on June 2, 1897, at the age of 64. Garritt taught for nine more years after his wife’s death, before retiring in 1906, having taught at Hanover College for fifty years. He resided in Hanover the rest of his life, dying on August 31, 1918, at the age of 86.

During Garritt’s time at Hanover, the functions of colleges were radically different from what they are today. The primary purpose of college at the time was to educate and prepare students who were about to enter the ministry. (Garritt, as well as a number of other professors, was an ordained Presbyterian minister.) He was a teacher of language during his time at Hanover. While college records show that Garritt taught a multitude of languages, he specialized in Greek and Latin. In the historical context of the college, these skills would have been important, as many of Christianity’s holy texts, such as the New Testament, are written in these classical languages. Having knowledge of these languages would help to better understand and interpret the texts.

Source: Joshua B. Garritt Papers, MSS 81, Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Indiana).

The only Gorgas family in the 1880 census for Jefferson county, Indiana, was composed of Joseph and Delphine "Gorgus" and their only daughter, Anna. At the time of the census, Anna was thirteen and her occupation was listed as "at home." Her father's occupation was listed as "photographer." It can be argued that this Anna Gorgus is the same girl as Tot Gorgas; at the time of Alling's diary, Anna would have been sixteen, which would be a reasonable age for a girl to have some interest in boys.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Anna V. Gorgus," accessed through Ancestry.com; S. M. Vosmeier, personal communication, 26 Sept. 2018.

Alexander Graham was the same age as Charles Alling, eighteen years old, in 1884. He lived in Madison, Indiana, in 1880. Jen is probably Jennie Graham, his sister.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. Alexander Graham, Jennie Graham.

The 1884 Hanover Monthly includes an advertisement encouraging people to enroll in the upcoming semester, noting that Hanover accepted both sexes and promoting the two tracks offered: Classical and Scientific. Tuition was free, boarding ranged from $2.75 to $3.50 per week, and other expenditures ranged from $40 to $60, totaling no more than $175 to $200 per semester. The Hanover College Timeline gives a sense of what Hanover was like in the 1880s. The first thing that caught my attention was that women were not admitted to full privileges as students at Hanover College until September of 1880. The next event that struck me was the charter of Kappa Alpha Theta on campus on January 2, 1882. The first fraternity at Hanover was established in 1853, only 29 years before the arrival of a sorority on campus. Calla Harrison, the first woman of Hanover College, graduated in 1883. Finally, the Department of Music and Art was not established until 1887.

Sources: Hanover Monthly: From 1883.-84.-85. (Hanover College); Hanover College History, Hanover College: Duggan Library, http://library.hanover.edu/archives/hchistory.php (accessed 24 Sept. 2012); Annual Catalog of Hanover College 1884 (Hanover College: Duggan Library); Sarah McNair Vosmeier, lecture for "Studies in American Cultural History: The Middle Class," 19 September 2012.

Charles Alling's junior class in 1884 had nineteen students, including Alling. Based on the names of the students, it is reasonable to assume Alling's class was composed solely of males. Sixteen students out of Alling's class were either from Hanover or neighboring towns in Indiana. Only three students were from out of state. Out of the students from Indiana, four were from Madison, one was from Charleston, one was from Franklin, one was from Vernon, three were locals from Hanover, one was from Greensburg, two from Vevay, one from Seymour, and finally one from Deputy, Indiana. The three from out of state were from Nicholasville, Ohio; New Liberty, Kentucky; and Chilocothe, Ohio. Hence, due to the class ratio from local Indiana students and students from out of state, and due to the difficulty and expense of travel, one can make the inference that it was difficult for students from a considerable distance to get to Hanover or even hear about it.

Sources: Annual Catalog of Hanover College, Hanover College Archives, 1833-present, April of 1884, Frank S. Baker, Glimpses of Hanover's Past, 1827-1977. [s.l.]: Graessle-Mercer Co., 1978.

A look at the Hanover Catalogue from this time shows a strictly structured academic career planned out from freshman year to senior year, with a heavy emphasis placed on a classics education at the commencement of their college career. First-year students were expected to study the ancient works of Livy, Xenophon, Horace, and Homer, with barely any classes geared towards the sciences, mathematics, or theology. The emphasis on the classics in colleges and universities in the United States during this time harkened back to the European ideology that knowledge was a fixed body that was meant to exercise reason, memory, imagination, judgment, and attention in the student.

Carol Gruber also argues that such a definition of higher education was more reflective of that needed to enter the clergy, an older profession which was one of few career paths that actually required higher education. To err away from the generally agreed upon body of knowledge was not necessary for an educated man who sought to enter the clergy because there was little point in deviating from a tried and true method to mold the future men of the church. The late nineteenth century was a time of change, though, and academia had begun to shift their understanding of higher studies into a form that modern students could more easily identify. This shift created an emphasis on not just the classics and theology but towards the sciences and mathematics sometime in the 1870s after European universities and colleges experienced their own overhaul of traditional educations to accommodate new interests and careers. Thus, it is not strange for Alling to write about classes that deal more with the sciences as Hanover College was experiencing this transition to a new definition of what was an acceptable education.

In fact, the Hanover Catalogue also reflects this shift in the importance of higher studies. Although the early years of a nineteenth century student's academic career would be bogged down with courses based on a classics' education, by their junior and senior years, they began to have more options in different areas of studies. By their senior year, there are more classes centered on the sciences, theology, and mathematics, than any classes for Greek or Latin. It is very much possible that this would have been the last year that Alling would need to study his Latin seriously at all.

Sources: Catalogue of Hanover College, Indiana, Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.); Carol Gruber, Backdrop, The History of Higher Education (Boston 1997: Pearson Custom Publishing), 203, 204.

The College Point House existed where the Administration building sits now (in 2009), adjacent to the Fiji fraternity house and College House. The Point House was built obviously prior to 1884, and lasted until it was torn down in 1958 during the year that also marked the end of Albert Charles Parker, Jr.'s term as president at Hanover College and marked the beginning of John Edward Horner's term as president. The Point House began as an all-male dormitory, but as a few students fondly remember, it became a controversial co-ed dorm before it was destroyed in 1958.

Sources: Annual Catalog of Hanover College, Hanover College Archives, 1833-present, April of 1884, Frank S. Baker, Glimpses of Hanover's Past, 1827-1977. [s.l.]: Graessle-Mercer Co., 1978.

According to former President William A. Millis's book on Hanover's history, "both the classes of 1885 and 1886 claim to have sponsored the first [Freshman Excursion] boat ride when they were freshman."

Source: William A. Millis, "Freshman Excursion," in The History of Hanover College from 1827 to 1927 (Hanover, Ind.: Hanover College, 1927), 117-120.

In Allings diary of September 16, 1883, he mentions that all of the men of the college are required to attend Sunday School. He states that Professor Garritt and Professor Fisher are the leaders of the Sermon. During their sermon that day, they gave a lesson on the first of Samuel. He says that they also mention Proverbs 1:10, quoting Consent not, my son, where sinners entice thee.

Many college campuses during this time period were religiously-affiliated. In Allings case at Hanover College, the affiliation was Presbyterian. According to Mary Brown Bullock, the Presbyterian and Reformed tradition shaped the nature of American higher education in the 19th century, especially the culture and mission of liberal arts colleges. Princeton University, founded in 1746, was the first college with ties to the Presbyterian religion. John Witherspoon brought the ideas of the Scottish Reformed educational tradition to the school, and then these values spread to the rest of the country. These values included the importance of both faith and knowledge, a Christian sense of vocation, the idea that a college campus should be the center for morality, as well as the notion that college students should be preparing for a life of service to the world (Bullock).

Specifically, the combination of Presbyterianism and a liberal arts college, like Hanover, was formed to emphasize educating for a life beyond self, beyond pure knowledge, its emphasis on character and on the full human potentiality of all persons (Bullock). These values, which existed as the founding philosophy for liberal arts schools, still exist today. In the case of Hanover College, the Hanover Presbyterian Churchs pastor founded the school, largely supported by the church's officers and members. The most prominent elder of the congregation, Judge Williamson Dunn, donated time, land, and money for the founding of the college (Millis). Without the Presbyterian Church of Hanover, there would be no Hanover College.

Although from 1836-1837, the catalogue of Indiana Theological Seminary and Hanover College provides a general schedule of theological instruction at Hanover College in the 19th century. The students were divided by year as Juniors, Middle, and Seniors. Terms were eight months, from November to June. At the end of each term, the Juniors and Middle class were publically examined on their term information. Seniors were examined on the term information from all three terms. Students were expected to learn the subjects of Scriptures, Biblical Literature, Archeology, and Hermeneutics. With the Professor of Ecclesiastical History, to Sacred Chronology, Biblical History, Church Government, and the Composition and Delivery of Sermons as well as Mental and Moral Philosophy, Natural and Revealed Religion, didactic, Polemic, and Pastoral Theology (Millis).

Sources: Mary Brown Bullock, The Birthright of Our Tradition: The Presbyterian Mission to Higher Education, The Presbyterian Outlook, 2002 (accessed online); William Alfred Millis. The History of Hanover College From 1827 to 1927 (Hanover, Indiana: Hanover College, 1927), 79-91 (accessed online).

The Spring Exhibitions were speeches that were given over the course of several days. One example was a speech delivered during the Spring Exhibition of March 25, 1863, by a man named John Holliday, a student at Hanover College at the time. This particular speech discussed the Civil War and hatred toward slavery. These exhibitions probably would have been very popular amongst the students at Hanover College because their own peers gave some of the speeches, as well as some guest speakers.

Florence Harper was seventeen years old in 1884 and lived in Madison, Indiana, in 1880 (at 412 West Third Street). Her parents were Fred and Emily Harper, and her father was a prescription clerk who worked at the northwest corner of Main and Jefferson Streets. She had four sisters and one brother.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. Florence Harper; Ron Grimes and Bob Thomas, Jefferson County Historical Society volunteers, conversation with Brandon Doub, 22 Sep. 2010.

In Alling's journal from the nineteenth century, there is a mention from the passage transcribed of a girl named Florence Harper. As she is mentioned once as a potential friend that Alling had at Hanover College, she became interesting as a potential woman who received a higher education in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Thus, I will be examining the education common for women in the second half of the nineteenth century and specifically what was expected of them. There is no evidence of Florence or any of her siblings attending Hanover College, suggesting she was merely a local girl who came for visits. However, there is an interest in the education that a girl of her status was likely to receive in her time and space.

To begin with, Florence Harper was the second youngest of six children by a Fred Harper, a druggist in Madison, Indiana. Her mother is listed as a keeper of the house, but what especially snags the interest is the addition of one aunt with a separate last name, who is listed as a schoolteacher. Furthermore, the aunt is unmarried but living with her brother-in-law and her sister. Teaching as a career for women was interesting, as again there was no evidence of the aunt attending Hanover College4. Thus, the fact she is living with her sister could suggest that she is underpaid or simply lonely. Teaching in Madison would suggest that the aunt had at least some rudimentary education to draw on. The education ubiquitous to women in the second half of the nineteenth century (after 1850) and the cultural significance of women became interesting.

An article by Arthur D. Elfland offered an idea of how women were educated and how their education advanced in the nineteenth century. Elfland focuses chiefly on art as a vehicle of female education, as women who were accomplished in art were seen to be the epitome of female morality. While his main focus centers on art, there was also a considerable amount of evidence regarding the growth of education in Boston for young women. The primary reason behind a woman's education prior to the latter half of the nineteenth century was to find a husband6. However, with increasing numbers, women were beginning to enter the teaching profession, just as Florence's aunt did in Madison, Indiana. As the demand for teachers grew, education for women became a necessity.

Therefore, schools became much more interested in educating people outside of the rich and privileged upper classes, as had been the case before with the case of drawing. Since the main form of schools in America at the time for women were private schools, new formations of schools such as high schools began, which could offer education to the working or middle classes. Curriculums offered at these schools came to mirror that of the elite privates schools, mostly due to the educated young women who were now teaching. As with many societies, those of the working class often found themselves with little money or little reason to send their children to school, in sharp contrast with the middle class, which valued the potential education of their children. Teaching remained the main drive behind young, middle class women attending schools, as it was the main career a girl could aspire to.

It is unknown whether or not Florence Harper's aunt was one of these women with a certain 'moral character' that was required to be a teacher in the nineteenth century. Since Elfland's article is primarily limited to the women living in and around Boston after 1852, it is hard to determine whether or not a woman in Madison, Indiana, would have received a similar education. It is hard to imagine, as Florence's aunt was living in southern Indiana with her brother-in-law and sister. Women in the nineteenth century were beginning to receive more and more education, which is quite apparent with Elfland's article and the rise of the middle class. The factors associated with the further education of women suggest a growing need to educate both genders, rather than leaving education and knowledge up to the men. One could speculate that perhaps Florence herself followed a path similar to her aunt and attended a college other than Hanover. It is likely that she married someone and became a housewife like her mother as well. But it is an undeniable fact that the education of women was slowly morphing into system that could be equal to male education.

Sources: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. Florence Harper, Ancestry.com; Arthur D. Elfland, "Art and Education For Women in 19th Century Boston," Studies in Art Education 26, no. 3 (1985). 133-140; Catalogue of Hanover College, Indiana, Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.).

Alling's friend Heller is listed as a non-graduate of Hanover College. He came to Hanover from New York and left without a degree in 1884. Census data shows that he worked on a farm with his father; it was common in this time for Hanoverians to drop out of school to help out their families on the farm with the intention of coming back and finishing their degrees.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Madison, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "William H. Heller."

Census and land ownership records indicate that a George Kimmel lived just a few blocks away from the Alling residence located at 519 Main Street, now named Jefferson Street. Mr. Kimmel, a brick maker by trade, resided at 912 Walnut Street on a plot of land that spanned beyond city limits. Mr. George Kimmel's particular property and a stone quarry, ever-so conveniently, were located just off of Crooked Creek. Local historians recount a number of small ponds that had sustained by the creek for various reasons or another on the outskirts of the 3rd ward. Sadly, they report that most all of them have been filled in and built upon over the last sixty to eighty years.

Source: Ron Grimes and Bob Thomas, Jefferson County Historical Society volunteers, conversation with author, 22 Sep. 2010.

Census records indicate the Lepper girls mentioned were the daughters of Mr. and Mrs. William and Mary Lepper. The girls, Lilly and Daisy, were sixteen and twelve years of age, respectively, at the time of the entry.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. William C. Lepper, HeritageQuestOnline.com.

Mr. John B. McCoy was a Baptist preacher in the Hanover area, possibly at the college itself. In the census of 1880 he was 34 years old and had a wife named Lizzie, but had no children.

Robert B. Moffett lived in Madison, Indiana, and was twenty years old as of the 1880 census. His father, S.S. Moffett, was born in Maryland, and his mother, Maria, was born in Indiana. Robert worked as a store clerk.

Source: 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Robert B. Moffett," access through Ancestry.com.

Moore's Hill College was a college founded in the small town of Moores Hill in southeastern Indiana, not too far northeast of Madison, Indiana in Dearborn County. Opening in 1854, Moores Hill College remained in Moores Hill until 1917 when it closed its doors to make the move to Evansville, Indiana. Moores Hill College reopened its doors in 1919 under the new name of Evansville College. Today, some 156 years later, the legacy of Moores Hill College lives on through what is now known as the University of Evansville.

Ella Peace had been born in Texas. In 1880, she was boarding in Madison with her siblings but away from her parents, perhaps with maternal relatives. She was a junior at the nearby Madison High School in 1884.

Sources: Ruth Hoggatt, "Graduates of the Madison High School: 1862 to 1895" (2009) MyIndianaHome.net (accessed 23 May 2009); 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Ella Pease."

Nathan Powell, a son of a banker and a brother of a merchant, embodies the border between middle and upper class in the 1880s.

Nathan Powell, Jr., son of Nathan Powell and Mary F. Powell, was born in Madison, Indiana, around 1865. His race was white and he was a male. Nathan Powell was born in Maryland, and Mary F. Powell was born in Indiana. Nathan Powell, Jr.'s father was a banker, and his mother "kept house." Oftentimes the role of mothers as stay-at-home parents is overlooked as inconsequential. However, it serves as an indication of class. In 1880s context, the families that were able to survive without the income of the mother were upper-class and some middle-class families. Nathan Jr. was the youngest of four brothers. His oldest brother, William, was a merchant. He and his other two brothers were in school at the time of the 1880 census.

Similarly, their family's professions are of great historical significance because they are a crucial identifier in determining their class. In the late nineteenth century, bankers were considered a middle-class occupation. As somebody who was paid for his knowledge, Nathan Powell held a middle-class job. Likewise, Mary F. Powell's occupation as "keeping house" is an indicator of upper-middle and upper class. Since Mary F. Powell was a stay-at-home mother, we can infer that their family was able to survive without the income of the mother. In the late nineteenth century, a characteristic of the working class was the mother working as well because the family needed her salary too. William Powell's occupation is more uncertain as a marker of class because "merchant" can range widely in definition. Since merchants are simply individuals who sell and buy products and "merchant" within the context of the late nineteenth century also meant generic commodities, it is nearly impossible to define William's occupation as a marker of class. Although the occupation merchant is difficult to define and can almost be its own class, the range of class for merchant overlaps both the middle class and upper class. Since there was such a deviation between the merchant elite and middle-class merchants, it is difficult to determine Nathan's brother's class. Since the census lists the jobs for each individual, family, and the city, in conjunction with contextual evidence, it can be determined what jobs were working, middle, and upper class occupations. In a rural city in the nineteenth century, there would not have been a large populations of lawyers. The average individual was a farmer or related to a farmer.

Nathan Powell, Jr., class of 1884, married Susan Bowler Pendleton in 1892. Furthermore, in the Sigma Chi Quarterly, we are informed that Mr. and Mrs. Powell's honeymoon was an extended period of time in Europe. Their wedding was in December, and they returned in spring, so their trip was a relatively prolonged honeymoon (Sigma Chi Fraternity 1893, 338). Mr. and Mrs. Powell's honeymoon implies that the Powells or Nathan were relatively wealthy since they could afford a lengthy trip to Europe.

In conclusion, from the minimal information about the Powell family, it is possible to infer their socio-economic status as well as their class. Nathan Powell, Jr., was a college-educated man. His family members were archetypal of a middle-class family in the nineteenth century. As well, he and his spouse went on an extended trip to Europe, which furthers their status as neighbors of both the upper class and middle class. In a later census, Nathan Powell's occupation was a farmer. His occupation in the 1900 census solidifies him as a member of the middle class.

Sources: 1880 United States Census, Madison, Jefferson County, Indiana, digital image s.v. "Nathan Powell," Ancestry.com; 1900 United States Census, Madison, Jefferson County, Indiana, digital image s.v. "Nathan Powell," Ancestry.com; Sigma Chi Fraternity, The Sigma Chi Quarterly: A Journal of College and Fraternity Life and Literature," The Fraternity 12, (1893).

Since the existence of money, its value as a resource has been on an ever-changing cycle. For example, Alling mentioned in his journal about a friend offering to buy his desk for $5.00, which would have given him a profit of $3.50. Additionally, he talked about purchasing some books that were worth $8.25, and the fact that the farther he advanced in college, the more expensive his books were becoming. Upon reading this, I became interested in the economy of the 1883 time period, and exactly what the worth of a dollar was at that time.

Looking at standard jobs and income in 1883 can give one an interesting perspective on that era's economy. Job descriptions vary during this time from an average farm laborer (New York) working an estimated 63 hours a week and earning $1.25 a day to a glassblower/bottle maker (Massachusetts) working an estimated 51 hours a week and earning $4.23 a day.4 Other prices include men's apparel: a suit costing $4-$10, shoes $1-$3; women's apparel: skirts costing $1.50-$2.50, shoes $.05-$1.50; entertainment ranging from $1.50 opera tickets to $.15 museum tickets; food products: $.04/lb. for sugar to $.10/lb. for roast beef. However, let us not forget about Charles Alling's college tuition. Around the 1883 time period, he would have paid approximately $200 a year for tuition.5 What would he say about Hanover's $32,000 tuition today? Which in turn makes me wonder what future Hanover students will say 150 years from now about our 2014 college tuition fee.

As our glance into the economics and money value of 1883 comes to a close, we can gain an appreciation and understanding of the quality of life in early America. The value of a dollar is and will always be determined directly through supply and demand, and these two contributing factors are never stagnant. The ever-changing cycle will continue on generation to generation. Just as my grandparents told me stories of their cheap purchases in their younger years, so will I tell my future grandchildren of mine: I remember the day when I only paid $3.30 for a gallon of fuel.

Sources: Scott Derks, The Value of a Dollar: 1860-1999 (New York: Grey House Publishing, Inc., 1999), xi, xix, 12; Kimberly Amadeo, What Is the Value of a Dollar Today? About News, 17 Sept. 2014 (assessed 27 Sept. 2014).

The term reaper refers to any farm machine that is used to cut crops. A mower focuses on cutting grain traditionally. One might ask, why are there two different terms for essentially the same job? In his book, American Agricultural Implements, Robert L. Ardery stated, "As reapers and mowers belong to the same original general class -- harvesters -- and have so many features in common," . . . "it is somewhat difficult at times to draw the line between them." Improving throughout the years, the impact of the industrial revolution on agriculture changed the lives of farmers and workers, while creating a new, effective system of farming we now see today.

The history of reapers and mowers provides insight on present agricultural machinery and how we as a nation have revolutionized the two. Reapers were first seen in England, specifically created by a man named Joseph Boyce applied a patent in 1800. Jeremiah Bailey introduced what is known as the mower-reaper in the United States in 1830, combining the two machines into one. Add-ons were also developed to enhance the mower-reaper. Two men, Obed Hussey and Cyrus McCormick, created reapers with guards and blades that went back and forth for cutting grain. The invention of the mower-reaper was beneficial because many improvements could be made to it, increasing its popularity and value for many years to come.

In relation to the class system, middle-class persons were generalized middle- class based on what they knew. Therefore, farmers were considered middle class, putting their knowledge to use in making a living for themselves and their families. Throughout the years, farming has flourished with the invention and improvement of reapers and mowers. There has been debate about distinction of the two and whether or not to consider them as "one." Ardery stated, "In many of the older patents they are described as machines for reaping and mowing, having been designed for both purposes. And in some specifications they are described first as one and then as the other without distinction of purpose." It is safe to say that the distinction between the two is slim, and with aid of the industrial revolution, reaping and mowing developed into one machine in the present day.

Of importance to him, the mention of reapers and mowers in Charles Alling's diary can give insight on his interests. Allings wrote, "We got to Louisville about 12 o'clock and I went immediately to the exposition. Ate a good dinner at a lunch stand for a quarter. The first thing I noticed was machinery hall. There were all kinds of machinery for making cloth, blankets, etc. The reapers and mowers made large displays." It is clear that Alling found his observations of agricultural machinery of importance as he recorded it in his dairy. An explanation could focus on the development of the industrial revolution and its effect on persons of the 19th century. The historical context of reapers and mowers represent aspects of middle class, focusing on knowledge leading to occupation. As well, the impact of the industrial revolution identifies improvements of agricultural machinery and how it has advanced throughout the years.

Sources: Loretta Sorenson, A History of Hay Equipment: Evolving from Manual Mowing (online: Farm Collector, 2008), (accessed October 2, 2016); "The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica," Reaper Agriculture (online: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016), (accessed October 2, 2016).

Presumably, the church being referenced here was the old 2nd Presbyterian Church located in Madison at 101 East Main Street. The church was constructed in 1835, and the building remains, though the church no longer resides there. Today it is named the John T. Windle Auditorium and is said to be open to the public for cultural and presentations and other special events.

Source: Ron Grimes and Bob Thomas, Jefferson County Historical Society volunteers, conversation with author, 22 Sep. 2010.

Frank D. Swope, born in 1862 in Seymour, Indiana, was a classmate of Alling, even though he was three years older than Alling. Swope attended Harvard Law School, and he later lived in Louisville, Kentucky, until his death in 1902 at the age of 40. As mentioned in his diary entry, Alling admired Swope for completing all of his lessons while having leisure time leftover. Swope also wrote The Class Letter of 85, which appeared in The Journal of Hanover College.

Sources: Hanover College, The Journal of Hanover College (Madison: The Courier Company, Printers and Binders, 1894) I:32; Hanover College, The Journal of Hanover College (Madison: The Courier Company, Printers and Binders, 1895) II:26; Hanover College, The Journal of Hanover College (Madison, 1897) IV:75; Hanover College, The Journal of Hanover College (Madison: , 1897) IV:120; Alumni File of Frank D. Swope, Class of 1885, Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.).

"The American Velocipede" (engraving by Theodore R. Davis, published in Harper's Weekly, 1868).

William Voris was born in Washington, D.C., on February 20, 1865. He lived briefly in Washington before his mother, Jennie, met and married Cornelius Ditmars. Billy then moved to Franklin, Indiana, with his mother, step-father, and older stepbrother, William Ditmars. A short while after moving, Billy’s mother and Cornelius had a daughter, Olive Ditmars. Billy attended school in Franklin, Indiana, his whole life before attending Hanover College at the age of 18 in 1883. While at Hanover Colleg,e he met Charles Alling, the owner of this diary. Other than being friends with Alling, not much more is known about Billy’s time at Hanover other than that he was good at giving speeches as mentioned in Alling’s diary on page 37. After graduating from Hanover, Billy moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, became a stock merchant, and met his wife Anna. The two mortgaged a home, paid it off, and lived their lives together without having any children. Billy died on May 25, 1944, at the age of 79 in Indianapolis.

Sources: 1880 United States Federal Census, Johnson, Indiana, s.v. "William C Voris," Ancestry.com; 1900 United States Federal Census, Indianapolis, Marion, Indiana, s.v. "William C Voris," Ancestry.com; 1910 United states Federal Census, Indianapolis, Marion, Indiana, s.v. "William C Voris," Ancestry.com; 1920 United States Federal Census, Indianapolis, Marion, Indiana, s.v. "William C Voris," Ancestry.com; 1930 United States Federal Census, Indianapolis, Marion, Indiana, s.v. "William C Voris, " Ancestry.com; "1899-2011 Indiana Death Certificates," digital image s.v. Wm C Voris, Ancestry.com.

Harry Walker entered as a student at Hanover in 1876, and his residence at the time of entry was Madison, Indiana. The "Roll of Students" gave no graduation year nor information about life after college. Therefore, I assume he never finished his education at Hanover. He was born in approximately 1861, making him 19 at the time the census was taken. His mother’s name was Harriet and his father’s name was Charles. He was the third of four children: Charles II, who was 22, 21-year-old John, Harry himself, and the youngest at 18 was his only sister Mary. Although all the children were born in Madison, Indiana, Charles Sr. was from Pennsylvania, and Harriet’s home was Massachusetts.

Sources: "Roll of Students," Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.); 1880 United States Federal Census, Madison, Jefferson county, Indiana, s.v. "Harry M. Walker," Ancestry.com.

John Wiggam, friend and classmate to Charles Alling, was born in June, 1858. He completed four years of college, graduating from Hanonver College in 1885. He later became manager of the Kansas Republican congressional campaign. He was a lodger in his household and died September, 1940, in Emporia, Kansas (age 82).

Source: "Alumni File of John Howard Wiggam, Class of 1885," Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.).

The YMCA was established in London in 1844 as an evangelical lay organization (Zald, 216) with goals to help young men by the means of religious influence. During the late nineteenth century, the YMCA's primary focused was on religious proselytizing (Zald, 216) that concentrated on scripture. Included in this emphasis on spirituality was having a minister (employed by the YMCA) to give sermons, teach, and lead the young men through various activities, such as prayer meetings and Bible readings. At the turn of the century, the interest in religion decreased, and the organization shifted to a focus emphasizing character development and recreation. The YMCA began offering more activities to help people progress in their careers (including typing, human resources, and management). The recreation activities ranged from from dancing classes to card games (Zald, 221).

The YMCA began at Hanover College on Sept. 24, 1870 (Whitney, 1), and Hanover was the first college to have a YMCA building on its campus.

Sources: Pat Whitney, New Uses for Oldest College YMCA, Madison Courier, 10 April 2010, madisoncourier.com (accessed Sept 29, 2014); Mayer N. Zald and Patricia Denton, From Evangelism to General Service: The Transformation of the YMCA, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.8, No.2 (1963), 214-23.

During Charles Alling's time at Hanover, there were two Professor Youngs on staff, Dr. Andrew Harvey Young, and his father, Professor Hugh H. Young. As an upperclassman at Hanover in 1883, Alling's coursework included chemistry, political economy, Latin, mechanics, and elocution. Since his classes included both a language and a science, he could have had either Professor Young in the fall of 1883.

Andrew Harvey Young was born in 1852 in Cincinnati, Ohio. One of Hanover College's most beloved professors, Young attended the College, graduating in 1871. He attended the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, receiving his Ph.D from Washington and Jefferson. Before joining the faculty at Hanover in 1879, he taught high-school science for two years. Young taught as a Professor of Natural Science at Hanover from 1879 until his death in 1926. He had asked his wife, Mary Agnes Dunn, whether he should go into research or teaching. She chose the latter because he "would be away from home less." Young was known affectionately as "Banty" by his students and was well loved by the Hanover community. Temple Hollcroft, class of 1912, once said that Professor Young's "understanding of science was at least equalled by his understanding and love of people." Professor Young had a "bubbling personality," kindness, and patience. He was also known for being so well educated in his field that he rarely looked at a textbook whilst teaching. His favorite field was geology, as evidenced by his collection. His granddaughter, Catherine Craig Cowen, donated his library to the College, as well as his scientific collections. The books can be found in the Duggan Library Archives, while his collection can be found on display in the Science Center.

Sources: William Alfred Millis, The History of Hanover College from 1827 to 1927 (Hanover, Ind.: Hanover College, 1927), 204, http://history.hanover.edu/texts/millis/millis12.html; Second Triennial Catalogue of Hanover College for the Year 1849; "Death of a Noble Man," Madison Daily Courier, 21 Oct. 1889, p. 4; 1860 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Hugh H. Young,"Ancestry.com; 1870 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Hugh H. Young," Ancestry.com; 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Hugh H. Young," Ancestry.com; Wills, Hugh H. Young: Indiana, Probate Court (Jefferson County, Indiana), accessed through Ancestry.com; 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Andrew Harvey Young," Ancestry.com; 1910 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Andrew Harvey Young," Ancestry.com; 1920 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Andrew Harvey Young," Ancestry.com; Frank Baker, Glimpses of Hanover's Past (Seymour, Ind.: Graessle-Mercer Company, 1978), 165-167; "Student Records, Charles Alling, Fall 1883," HC 4, Box 1, Fd. 4, Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.).

Hugh Hamilton Young was born in 1808 in Lanarkshire County, Scotland. He entered the University of Glasgow in 1823. Young taught in the regions of Cincinnati, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; and Hanover, Indiana, from 1833 to 1883. As an adjunct professor from 1870-1883, he taught languages at Hanover College. Young lists his occupation as minister in both the 1870 and 1880 census. Since he most likely did not teach a full class load as an adjunct professor, Young was able to be both a minister and a professor, unlike his son Harvey who listed himself as a teacher in the 1880, 1910, and 1920 censuses. His career as an adjunct professor and as a minister helped him to act as a mentor for the outsider students who attended Hanover College to prepare for the ministry, rather than the participants who did not turn to the faculty for support. He served as Secretary of the Hanover Board of Trustees beginning in 1879. In the 1860 census, he is listed as living Millcreek, Ohio, with his wife Jeannette and their sons Alex, 18, and Andrew H Young, 8. By 1870, the family moved to Hanover, and had Mary, 11, and Martha, 10. When he died in 1889, his will dictated that his son, Harvey, should receive the balance and his library "as a small consideration for his kindness and care for his parents." Harvey was also to act as executor of his father's will. His obituary in the Madison Courier states that Hugh Hamilton Young "gave his life and strength to religious and educational work and will be mourned by his pupils in many parts of the country."

Sources: William Alfred Millis, The History of Hanover College from 1827 to 1927 (Hanover, Ind.: Hanover College, 1927), 204, http://history.hanover.edu/texts/millis/millis12.html; Second Triennial Catalogue of Hanover College for the Year 1849; "Death of a Noble Man," Madison Daily Courier, 21 Oct. 1889, p. 4; 1860 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Hugh H. Young," Ancestry.com; 1870 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Hugh H. Young," Ancestry.com; 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Hugh H. Young," Ancestry.com; Wills, Hugh H. Young: Indiana, Probate Court (Jefferson County, Indiana), accessed through Ancestry.com; 1880 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Andrew Harvey Young," Ancestry.com; 1910 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Andrew Harvey Young," Ancestry.com; 1920 United States Census, Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, s.v. "Andrew Harvey Young," Ancestry.com; Frank Baker, Glimpses of Hanover's Past (Seymour, Ind.: Graessle-Mercer Company, 1978), 165-167; "Student Records, Charles Alling, Fall 1883," HC 4, Box 1, Fd. 4, Archives of Hanover College, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.).