Hanover College
History Department
Style Sheet for
Chicago Manual Footnotes

Books (print format)

Book (print)

     1. William H. Rehnquist, The Supreme Court: A History (New York: Knopf, 2001), 204.

     2. Rehnquist, Supreme Court, 21.

This is the most basic cite for a book. For any book, follow this model for punctuation, capitalization, and italics, providing author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and the page where the information you are citing can be found. Variations on this basic cite are modelled below. Note that a complete citation is needed for the first reference you make to any item (as with model footnote 1); a shortened cite (as with model footnote 2) can be used thereafter.
Use this model for books available online only if they appear exactly as they did in print (i.e. with page images). Remember that the purpose of a footnote is to make it easy for readers to find the item you used. If the paper source and the online source look exactly the same (as would be the case in a photocopy, for instance), the details above will be most helpful for your readers. If the book has been reformatted in any way, your readers will need the URL and other information according to the model below.

Book, with two or three authors

     3. Michael D. Coe and Mark Van Stone, Reading the Maya Glyphs (London: Thames & Hudson, 2002), 129-30.


Book, with four or more authors

     4. Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston: Bedford, 2001), 541.


Book, with no known author

     5. The Men's League Handbook on Women's Suffrage (London: Thames & Hudson, 1912), 23.


Book, edited without an author

     6. Jack Beatty, ed., Colossus: How the Corporation Changed America (New York: Broadway Books, 2001), 127.


Book, edited with an author

     7. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed. Kathleen A. Hauke (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 46.


Book, translated

     8. Tonino Guerra, Abandoned Places, trans. Adria Bernardi (Barcelona: Guernica, 1999), 71.


Book, in an edition other than the first

     9. Andrew F. Rolle, California: A History, 5th ed. (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1998), 243.


Book, from a multivolume work

     10. James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, vol. 2, The Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 205.

For a separately titled volume, see model footnote 10; for volumes without individual titles (as with model footnote 11), provide the volume number with the pagination. Note that the cite to III:271 means page 271 of the third volume of the multivolume set.


Government document

     12. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1965), 562.

Encyclopedias and other reference books

With rare exceptions, print encyclopedias and other reference books follow the models already provided for citing books. (See models for edited works, or multivolume works above, for instance).

Use those models for reference works available online only if they appear exactly as they did in print (i.e. with page images). Remember that your goal is to make it easy for readers to find the item you used. If the paper source and the online source look exactly the same (as would be the case in a photocopy, for instance), the details above will be most helpful for your readers. If the book has been reformatted in any way, your readers will need the URL and other information as provided in the models below.

Dictionaries and a few widely recognized reference sources are cited as follows ("s.v." is for the Latin sub verbo, "under the word"):

     13. American Heritage Dictonary, New College Edition, s.v. "copy-edit ."

     14. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. "Monroe Doctrine."

Sacred texts

     15. Matt. 20:4-9 (Revised Standard Version).

     16. Koran 19:17-21.

For the Bible (model footnote 15), provide the book, followed by chapter and verse (i.e. 15a refers to the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 20, verses 4-9). For the Koran, provide sura and verse (i.e. model footnote 16 refers to sura 19, verses 19-21).

Articles and other short works (print format)

Article in a scholarly journal

     17. Jonathan Zimmerman, "Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s," Journal of American History 87, no. 1 (2000), 101.

Use this model for scholarly articles you have read online only if the article appears exactly as it did in print -- as with articles in JSTOR. If the article has been reformatted in any way, provide URL and other information according to the model footnotes below.

Book review

     18. Nancy Gabin, review of The Other Feminists: Activists in the Liberal Establishment, by Susan M. Hartman, Journal of Women's History 12, no. 3 (2000), 230.

Article in a magazine or newspaper

     19. Joy Williams, "One Acre," Harper's, February 2001, 62.

     20. Dan Barry, "A Mill Closes, and a Hamlet Fades to Black," New York Times, 16 Feb. 2001, A1.

     21. Boston Globe, "Renewable Energy Rules," 11 Aug. 2003, sec. A1.

Use this model for articles you have read online only if they appear exactly as they did in print (i.e. with page images). If the article has been reformatted in any way, provide URL and other information according to the model below. When the author of an article is unknown, treat the periodical itself as the author. Provide page and section numbers as the newspaper does (i.e. A1 means page 1 of section A).


Work in an anthology

     22. Rebecca Harding Davis, "Life in the Iron-Mills," in The Norton Anthology of American Literature, ed. Nina Baym, shorter 6th ed. (New York: Norton, 2003), 1205.

     23. Thomas Gainsborough to Elizabeth Rasse, 1753, in The Letters of Thomas Gainsborough, ed. John Hayes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 5.

For a short story or article, follow model footnote 22; for a letter, model footnote 23. For citing a letter in an archive, see below.

Online Sources

Book (reformatted online)

     24. Heinz Kramer, A Changing Turkey: The Challenge to Europe and the United States (Washington, DC: Brookings Press, 2000), 85, http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815750234/html/index.html (accessed 12 Sept. 2004).

Use this model when the book has been reformatted in some way from the original printed copies. If the book appears exactly as it did in print (i.e. with page images), use the model found above. Provide as much of the following as is available: 1) the author, 2) the title, 3) the original publication information, 4) a page number or other locator, such as paragraph number, 7) a stable URL (if provided and if it can be conveniently transcribed) or the website's homepage or search page (if a stable URL is not provided or is very long), 8) date you accessed the book.


Article (reformatted online)

     25. Gina Kolata, "Scientists Debating Future of Hormone Replacement," New York Times, 23 Oct. 2002, http://www.proquest.com (accessed 22 Feb. 2003).

     26. Fiona Morgan, "Banning the Bullies," Salon, 15 March 2001, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2001/03/15/bullying/index.html (accessed 24 Feb. 2003).

     27. Linda Belau, "Trauma and the Material Signifier," Postmodern Culture 11, no. 2 (2001), par. 6, http://www.iath.virginia.edu/pmc/text-only/issue.101/11.2belau.txt (accessed 11 Jan. 2008).

Use this model for articles that originally appeared in print but that you found reformated online. If the article appears exactly as it did in print (as with JSTOR), use the model found above. If the article was published directly to the web, use the model found below. Provide as much of the following as is available: 1) author of article, 2) title of article, 3) title of journal, magazine, or newspaper, 4) volume and issue number, 5) date, 6) page number or other locator, such as paragraph number, 7) a stable URL (if provided and if it can be conveniently transcribed) or the website's homepage or search page (if a stable URL is not provided or is very long), 8) date you .d the article.

     28. "Benjamin McLane Spock," World of Health (online; Thomson Gale, 2006), in Biography Resource Center, http://galenet.galegroup.com/ (accessed 11 Jan. 2008).

Provide as much of the following as is available: 1) author of entry, 2) entry title, 3) title of reference source, 4) if the item has been reformated from a print source, provide a note showing that and as much of the original publication information as is available 5) if the reference source is part of a collection such as the Gale Biography Resource Center, provide the name of that collection, 6) a stable URL (if provided and if it can be conveniently transcribed) or the website's homepage or search page (if a stable URL is not provided or is very long), 7) the date you accessed the item.
If the reference work appears exactly as it did in print (i.e. with page images), use the models described above.

Primary sources reproduced online

     29. John Locke, The Second Treatise on Government (1690), excerpted, Hanover College History Department, http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/165locke.html (accessed 24 Oct. 2003), para. 3.

To the extent possible, combine the information you would have provided for the primary source in its original form (as a book or letter, for instance) plus identifying information for the online version of it. As a general rule, provide 1) author's name, 2) title of the original work, 3) date of original work, 4) "excerpted" or "translated" as appropriate, 5) title of the site, 6) sponsor of the site, 7) stable URL (if provided and if it can be conveniently transcribed) or the website's homepage or search page (if a stable URL is not provided or is very long), 8) date on which you accessed the page, 9) page or paragraph number.

Webpages (original content online)

     30. Sheila Connor, "Historical Background," Garden and Forest, Library of Congress, http://lcweb.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/historygf.html (accessed 13 Mar. 2007).

     31. PBS Online, "Media Giants," Frontline: The Merchants of Cool, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants (accessed 12 Oct. 2007).

Provide as many of the following elements as are available: 1) author's name, 2) title of the page, 3) title of the site, 4) sponsor of the site, 5) stable URL (if provided and if it can be conveniently transcribed) or the website's homepage or search page (if a stable URL is not provided or is very long), 6) date on which you accessed the page. When no author is named, treat the site's sponsor as the author.

Archival material

     32. Joseph Adkinson, letter to Irvin Adkinson, 10 Feb. 1863, folder 11, box 1, Adkinson Family Civil War Letters, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.).

     33. Edward M. House diary, 6 Nov. 1918, Edward M. House Papers, Yale University Library (New Haven, Conn.).

Items in the Duggan Archives often cited by Hanover students

     34. JoBeth Smith, "Immigrant Neighborhoods in the Fifties" (14 May 2003), "Twentieth-Century America and Your Family" collection, folder 38, box 4, Duggan Library, Hanover College (Hanover, Ind.).

Unpublished dissertation

     36. Stephanie Lynn Budin, "The Origins of Aphrodite" (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2000), 301-2.


Census records

     37. 1880 United States Census, s.v. "Olive Harrison," Hanover, Jefferson County, Indiana, accessed through Ancestry.com.

Note that "s.v." is for the Latin sub verbo, "under the word." Thus the citation provides the person's name as it appears on the census page, the geographic location where the person is indexed (the town or township, the county, and the state), followed by the name of the database you used to find the census record.

Other Sources

Film (movie)

     38. The Secret of Roan Inish, dir. by John Sayles (1993; Columbia TriStar, 2000 dvd).

Provide 1) the title, 2) the director, 3) theatrical release date, 4) if viewed as dvd or video, specify the distributor, date of dvd or video release, and format.


Television or radio program

     39. "A Place of His Own," 1976 episode of Happy Days (ABC, 1974-1984; Paramount, 2008 dvd).

Provide 1) the title of the episode, 2) broadcast date of the episode, 3) title of series, 4) network, 5) inclusive dates of the series, 6) if viewed as dvd or video, specify the distributor, date of dvd or video release, and format.


Broadcast interview

     40. Ron Haviv, interview by Charlie Rose, 12 Feb. 2001, The Charlie Rose Show (PBS).

Provide 1) person being interviewed, 2) the interviewer, 3) title of the episode, if given, 4) the date of the interview, 5) name of the program, 6) the network.


Sound recording

     41. Gustav Holst, The Planets, Royal Philharmonic, Andre Previn (1990; Telarc, 1990 cd).

Provide 1) composer, 2) name of piece, 3) performer(s), 4) date of performance, if available, 5) title of cd, if necessary (in italics); 6) distributor 7) release date and format.


Personal communication

     42. Sara Lehman, letter to author, 13 Aug. 2000.

     43. Abby Labille, "News from Home," email to author, 24 Oct. 2007.

     44. Thomas Anderson, conversation with author, 24 Oct. 2007.

Use these models for information people have communicated to you directly. Model footnote 44 is appropriate for informal oral history interviews.


College lectures

     45. Charles Chipping, lecture for "Introduction to English Literature," Hanover College, 17 May 2003.

Miscellany

One source quoted in another

     46. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Random House, 1965), 11, quoted in Mark Skousen, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and the Ideas of the Great Thinkers (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001), 15.

     47. Jo March, “The Great Depression at Rutgers,” excerpt from Leo Jenkins, oral history interview with Mary Jo Bratton, 31 March 1982, East Carolina University Archives, http://www.ecu.edu/cs-lib/archives/ohlj2.cfm (accessed 24 May 2009).

If you wish to refer to a source that the source you are consulting quotes, provide as much information as is available about the quoted source, and also provide the relevant information for the item in which it appears.

More on what footnotes are and how they work.

Footnotes are a conventional way to tell your readers where you got the information and quotes that appear in your paper. Complete citations in a consistent citation style make it easier for your readers to scan through your citations and find what they want quickly.

If you are reading this page from the Hanover College campus, you can click here to see an example of a published article using Chicago Manual style footnotes. (If this link does not work for you, contact your library to see if your institution provides access to scholarly journals through some other means.)

Suppose the second paragraph of your paper mentions Horatio Nelson Taft visiting the White House, and suppose one of your readers is curious about where she could read more about Taft. She will look for the next superscript number after your mention of Taft. (For most papers, there is a footnote at the end of each paragraph of text in the body of the paper, so she'll look first at the end of the paragraph.) The superscript number she finds in the text directs her to the appropriate spot on the numbered list that runs along the bottom of all your pages. There, your citation tells her that you learned about Taft's visit by reading his diary, and you give her all the information she needs to find a copy of the diary to read herself. (Standard citation styles give her enough information to find it online or to order it through interlibrary loan, for instance). If you quote Taft again later in your paper, she'll want to know more about that information too, and so she'll again look to the end of the paragraph for the superscript number that will direct her to the bottom of your page. There she'll find your shortened reference to the Taft diary, with the page where she can read the quote in context. If she has forgotten the diary's publication details, she can look back to your first footnote for all the specifics. If you follow a consistent citation style, she'll be able to find the first full cite easily by scanning up through your earlier footnotes.

Notice that footnotes are numbered consecutively over the course of the whole paper. (That is, the paragraph that mentions Taft the second time gets its own footnote; don't re-use the number found in the earlier paragraph.)

If you are confused about how to punctuate sentences with quotations and footnotes, remember that "the end punctuation goes first, followed by quotation marks as appropriate, and then the superscript number."¹

If you are confused about how to find the details you need for a complete cite, you will find helpful visuals by following the "citation at a glance" links in Chicago Documentation Style at hackerhandbooks.com.

Be careful to avoid accidental plagiarism. If you do not provide a footnote for information that you have learned from someone else, you are implying that you know that information from your own experience. You are thus stealing the credit for someone else's hard work, and academics take theft of intellectual property seriously.