From the C drive, find the "ZBS" folder and then the "HTML" folder within it. All folders and files relevant to the web site are found in the HTML folder.

All html files that appear on the "home page" are located directly inside the HTML folder. Each of the bracketed subjects that appear under the main sections is (or will be) linked to an html file in this folder. (Eg. Under the first section, "The Study of History," are two bracketed subjects, "Why Study History" and "But What Can I Do with a History Major," each with an html file in the HTML folder (one called "why.htm," the other "do.htm.") Of special note is the "Texts and Documents" page (texts.htm). There are also a few html files that do not appear on the "home page" but are located here. These include the "Hanover Historical Texts Project" page (project.htm) and the "Electronic Texts Collections" page, each of which is linked to the main "Texts and Documents" page.

There are also a series of folders within the HTML folder. These include "pictures," where we keep all of our pictures, backgrounds, icons, and so forth. There is also a folder for "texts," where we keep all of the texts that we scan. There is no single folder for all of the "Texts and Documents" pages. Instead there is a serires of folders corresponding to "Text and Documents" categories, four each for Europe and the US (ancient, medieval, etc) and one each for the other major civilizations.

(To be consistent, we should have created a separate folder for "Texts and Documents" and included in this folder the html files that are linked to the "Texts and Documents" page and the folders for the various civilizations. But we included all of these things in the main HTML folder. Arguably it was a wise thing to do because we use those files and folders so often that it saves time. But no less persuasive is the argument that we should have been consistent. What is the quote attributed to Oscar Wilde? It is something like: "So you accuse me of being inconsistent. Very well. I am inconsistent." In any case, we are not going to change it. We would have to change the path in literally thousands of links, and it would be a disservice to the web-browsers who have links to our site.)

As you navigate through the system, you will find folders within folders. There is no set rule for the creation of new folders. Some folders house files that are all linked to a single web page, others for many pages, and still others for a single section on one page (like the Europe and US folders). As a general rule, we have tried to keep the number of folders to a minimum. It is often simpler to have a single folder with many files clearly labelled and easily located, than to have a whole lot of folders containing only a few files each. Ultimately, as with so many other things on the project, it is a judgment call. If in doubt, ask me. If you are going to do any major construction (and especially any major reconstruction), please consult with me or with one of the veterans on the project.

1. main pages and sections of main pages

The main texts and documents pages are organized according to geography and civilization (eg. United States, Europe, East Asia). Each of these pages is divided into sections, some according to chronological period, (Europe, US, Mideast, India) and some according to geographical (or thematic) subdivisions (Americas, Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia). Thus the Europe pages has sections on "ancient," "medieval," and so forth while the Americas page has sections on "Canada" and "Native Americans." (The inconsistency on the criteria for sections may seem to violate orderliness, but the sections were defined in terms of what made sense for each particular civilization.) Each section has a variety of "large" subject pages and "small" subject pages under it. There is also a category of "web sites" under each section.

2. large subject pages

The large subject pages consist of broad thematic categories, "theology," "philosophy, "literature," "politics," and "science." (There can be variation in these themes.) They appear directly under the title of the section. The purpose of the large subject pages is to bring together all of the significant authors and texts on a given theme. The question of what constitutes "significant" is, of course, a matter of judgment. We do not want to include everything on the large subject page. Especially with the US and Europe pages, the large subject pages could very quickly become cluttered. You could imagine, for example, that if, under “Modern Europe Politics,” we included every treaty, every legislative act, and every memoir or letter by every politician, we would have a monstrous, unwieldy, and unusable page.

3. small subject pages

The small subject pages can take care of the clutter. Small subject pages can be on any theme or topic—large or small. They can include links to the authors and texts found on various large subject pages, plus a lot more material that is not to be found on a large subject page. They can include links to different kinds of web sites related to the subject, sites dealing not just with electronic texts but also with art, music, movies, journals, newsgroups, and various kinds of societies. Currently, most small subject pages are subdivided into "primary texts and archives" (documents from the historical period), "secondary sources" (written by scholars about the subject), and "related web sites." Although most small subject pages will include some links to the large subject pages (under "primary texts and archives"), some will have very little overlap with any of the large subject pages. The "Witch Hunts" small subject page, for example, will have a few links to authors and texts on the "theology" large subject page, but most of the texts found on the witch hunt page will only be on that particular page. Also in this category would be small subject pages designed to include all of the small things that we don’t want on the large subject pages. Thus something like "International Treaties" (we currently have none) would include all of those treaties that would clutter the “politics” large subject page (though you can imagine some major treaties, like Westphalia or Versailles, belonging on a "politics" large subject page). One category of small subject deserves special mention, the "nation" pages (Britain, France, etc.). These will appear in almost every section of some civilizations (like Europe and the Middle East). Potentially these are very large pages and will have to have various kinds of subdivisions within them. We have really only started "nation" pages, and we’ll have to learn as we go.

There will inevitably be overlap not only between large and small subject pages but also between small subject pages. The very same texts may, for example, be included on two or more large subject pages and a dozen small subject pages. One subject page may appear as a link from another subject page (eg. the "witch hunts" under the "Reformation"). While all of the overlap may seem redundant and messy, we need to keep in mind that it does not necessarily appear that way to the web-browser, who is simply trying to track down a text or a topic. Moreover, it is consistent with the historical emphasis of the subject pages. The economic, social, political, religious, and intellectual milieux of any given historical epoch are overlapping and interconnected. It is only natural that the same text would have bearing on a number of different subjects and could be considered in a number of different contexts.

4. web site pages

The web site page, appearing right under the large subject pages and above the small subject pages, are designed to list web sites that are relevant to entire section of the main page (eg. Europe, ancient). Here, as elsewhere, judgments have to be made about which sites to include.

5. author pages

“Author” pages appear on large subject and small subject pages. Author pages include not only the texts written by the author but also links to secondary sources about the author, images and videos, and web sites devoted to the author. (Like the small subject pages, there are no limits.) The big question here is when to create a separate author page. On the large subject pages, some authors have their own page (the author’s name is the link to the author page) while others simply have their texts listed under their name (and here, the texts, not the author, are links). If the author has many texts, usually it makes sense to create an author page. In part, this is simply a matter of appearance. When an individual is the author of dozens of books, it will make the large subject pages very cluttered to list each text on the large subject page. Thus it makes more sense to have a single entry, "Aristotle," under Ancient Philosophy, with a link to an "Aristotle" author page, than it is to list (and link) each of Aristotle’s texts under the name of Aristotle. Another, perhaps more significant criterion, is the importance of the author and the likelihood that there will be web sites with materials related to the author. Thus Montaigne has only one text to his name, the Essays. But Montaigne is such a major author that it is likely that there will be, if there are not already, articles and books written about him and perhaps even web sites devoted to him. By the same logic, there may be “author” pages devoted to a single text (even if there is no “author”). The Magna Carta, for example, is only one document (actually there was more than one version). Already there are web sites devoted exclusively to the Magna Carta. The same would also apply to the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and so forth. My rule of thumb is, when in doubt, create an author page. In the past, I think we have not done enough author pages. We have some very significant authors who appear on the large subject pages with a list of linked texts under their name.

6. the super subject pages

We don’t have any super subject pages yet (so there is still time to think of a better name for them). But it is easy to imagine themes that transcend the boundaries of the various sections on the main pages and even the various civilizations. Thus it is possible to imagine a “history of science” page, a “military history” page, and a “history of the family” page. It is only after we fill out the other pages that we can begin work on these. I simply wanted to plant the seed now so that you can be thinking of the kind of pages we might have and where they would go.

7. links to other web sites

Each time that you make a link to a site, you must give credit to that site by putting its name in parantheses next to the link. In addition, there are two separate pages that serve as a kind of "works cited" page. The "Electronic Texts Collections" lists sites devoted exclusively or primarily to etexts. "Web Sites of Interest to Historians" lists sites that include etexts and a variety of other sources. Both files (etexts.htm and links.htm) are located on the main HTML folder and appear as links on the main "Texts and Documents" page. Note that if we make a link, we must acknowledge the source AND include that source in either "ETexts" or "Web Sites." (As the lists grow, we will have to do some reorganizing of those two pages. For now, simply add new sites to the list. These two pages, by the way, are the best starting points when searching for texts. We have only begun to mine all of the texts located on the sites listed there.)

1.Copying Texts

1. Get a copy card from Dr. Luttmer or Heather Haralson.
2. Use the copier in the library to copy all pages selected by Dr. Luttmer.
3. Copy any bibliographical information. This information does not need to be scanned, but we need a copy anyway.
4. We no longer need to cut off headers and footers. Just leave the page as it is. Therefore, we no longer need to write the page numbers on the back of the copies.
5. Place all copies in a clearly-labelled folder and return to Luttmer or Haralson.

2. Scanning

1. To open program: Programs >>>>Caere Applications>>>>OmniPage Limited Edition
2. If you get a notice that the scanner isn't hooked up, turn off both the computer and the scanner. Turn the scanner back on FIRST, then turn the computer back on. If that doesn't work ask a lab assistant for help.
3. Put text in scanner
4. Check "Settings"
5.Text Settings should be: Mark suspicious words and mark suspicious characters.
6. Scanner Settings should be: auto zone and small text. Don't worry about the other settings unless you need to darken or lighten the text.
7. IMPORTANT: Make sure that "Auto OCR" and "Auto Save" are NOT checked.
8. Acquire the image either under the "file" header or by using the icon.
9. Press "scan".
10. Put a box around only the text you want to select by using the mouse.
11. Once you have selected the text, click the "OCR" button (the one with the little green arrow).
12. It will ask you if you want to scan more pages. If you do then press "Add Pages" and continue. If not press "Stop Scanning."
13. You must then save the file by clicking "Save as Document" under the "file" header. Put in the file name that you want. Select the A drive. It is important to save text as type "Word for Windows6.0". Say "okay".

3. Initial Proofreading and Editing

1. After you have scanned the text you need to edit it.
2. Open Microsoft Word on an IBM.
3. Under the heading "edit" click on "select all".
4. While all the text is highlighted, make the size of text 12 cpi. and make it left justification. Make sure there is no bold, italicized or underlined text.
5. Click on the text to undo the "select all".
6. Read through the scanned text and the original text at the same time to make sure they are the same. Correct any mistakes.
7. Put the page number of the original text in front of the first word on that page. Put this number in parenthesis. ( )
8. Cut all footnotes and paste them to the bottom of the document. Do not follow the numbering that appears in the original. Number them from one to whatever for the entire document. Put the number for footnotes in brackets [ ].
9. Put all editor's notes at the bottom of the document as well. Some editor's comments will appear near the top of the document, others will appear at the bottom (though "anchored" to the top). See below under the "Appearance of the HHTP Texts."

4. Second Proofreading

After the text has been scanned and checked, it needs to be proofread carefully. This includes not only checking for spelling and grammatical errors but also checking the copy against the original. The electronic version should correspond exactly to the original (even if there are spellling or grammatical errors).

Add all relevant bibliographical information at the top of the page. (See below under "Appearance.") Add the name of the scanners and proofreaders and note the date.

5. Converting to HTML

The document is now ready to be converted to html. You may receive training for html from one of the veteran workers. Please see Dr. Luttmer to arrange for a training session. When converting to html, you should follow the set format articulated below in "Appearance."

1. Hanover Historical Texts Project (HHTP) Texts

For texts that we scan, we should follow a set pattern. Up to this point (July, 1997), we have let anarchy reign. Almost every text that we have created has followed a different format.

I have created four generic pages to serve as a guideline for the creation of pages. Each is a “hidden” text located in the “text” folder:

1. "gentxt.html" is for single page texts;
2. "gentable.html" is for title and table of content pages;
3. "genchap.html" is for chapter or section pages; and
4. "gentxtan.html" is for texts excerpted from anthologies.

Single Page Texts. Typically texts that are comparatively small and not subdivided into chapters or sections would go on a single page. Single page text files should be saved directly in the "text" folder.

Title and Table of Content Pages and Chapter Pages. A number of pages will typically be needed for larger texts that are subdivided into chapters or sections. There will need to be a title page with a table of contents. And there will need to be pages for each of the chapters or sections. The chapter pages will be linked to the table of content page. If the sections are excerpted from different sections of a larger work and are not continuous, page numbers should appear on the individual section pages. (See Bacon's Great Instauration for an example. A separate folder, located inside the "text" folder, should be created for large texts with chapters. The table of contents page and all of the chapter and accessory pages should be included in the folder. It is best to include a small part of the last name of the author or title in the names of the files. Eg. "smtable.html" and "smch1.html" for the table of contents and chapter one of a book by Smith. This will avoid the potential confusion of having hundreds of files named "table.htm," even if they are located in separate folders.

All bibliographical information and acknowldgements should be included at the top of the page. Bibliographical information must be accurate and follow the University of Chicago style for footnotes. Many of our texts are taken from anthologies. In this case, we need to include both the bibliographical information from the original and from the anthology. Use this page as a guide. Note that the bibliographical information for the original should be simplified, containing the author, title, and place and date of publication (and if a recent work also the publisher). We need not include bibliographical information for the specific sources the editors used (when editors used previous anthologies for example). Many nineteenth and early twentieth century editors were not very careful in their documentation of their sources, failing to identify the translator or editor or the page numbers with accuracy. By reproducing the bibliographical information they give for their sources, we risk conveying incomplete and confusing information.

Note that the headers (the material at the top) and the footers (the material at the bottom) will vary according to the type of page. A chapter page, for example, needs a "return to" the main title and table of content page.

Note also that the original page numbers should appear in parentheses and footnotes should appear in brackets. If the editor’s introduction is short, you can place it at the beginning of the document, after the bibliographical information and before the text. Italicize the editor’s words so they are clearly distinct from the text. If it is an extended introduction, create an "anchor"and place the introduction at the bottom of the page.

Most other questions can be answered by looking at the generic guides. When using these generic guides, the safest thing is to begin with a new page and then cut-and-past the generic onto the new. (The alternative, opening up the generic and "saving-as" a new file, is dangerous because you may accidentally "save" over the original generic guide.) If you have any suggestions, please let me know.

2. All Other Web pages

We have been comparatively consistent with other web pages. We have, for example, used only a few backgrounds (paper, chalk, and FFFFF), followed a common system for sections and columns, and even maintained consistency in fonts, spacing, and lines.

But we do not necessarily have to be completely uniform. There is room for occasional variation. And in some cases, radical changes can be accomplished relatively easily. The backgrounds, for example, can be changed quickly because nearly all pages are linked to one of three backgrounds. It would also be possible--indeed desirable--to experiment with the logo. If you do experiment, however, please don’t eliminate the original. Simply rename it. It will simply remain as an unlinked "hidden" file.

There are a few rules to note. First, when making a link, always list the name the web site from which it is taken. Second, we should get into the habit of making an entry at the bottom of every page, "last updated, October 28, 1996." Some pages need to be update routinely. A date may serve as a reminder to update, provide us with a clue as to how much needs to be updated and help us avoid repeating work already done.